scholarly journals Optimal Pricing and Service for the Peak-Period Bus Commuting Inefficiency of Boarding Queuing Congestion

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3497
Author(s):  
You-Zhi Zeng ◽  
Bin Ran ◽  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Xiaobao Yang ◽  
Jia-Jun Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Time ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Service Frequency ◽  
Bus Station ◽  
The Relationship

This paper proposes an equilibrium bus boarding model to investigate optimal pricing and service for peak-period bus commuting inefficiency of boarding queuing congestion. Commuters are assumed to choose their optimal time-of-use decision from home or the workplace to the bus. We found that: (1) when the earliest commuter boards the bus as soon as the bus arrives at the bus station, the dynamic boarding queuing congestion toll that eliminates the boarding queuing congestion creates social optimal equilibrium and the optimal bus departure interval during the peak period; (2) the optimal bus departure interval during the peak period is the time that the preceding bus riders spend on boarding, which means the relationship between service frequency and ridership does not conform to the square root principle: the optimal bus frequency is proportional to the square root of the number of commuters.

Pricing insurance policies with offsetting relationship

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Hanbali Hamza
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Market ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Price Discounts ◽  
Insurance Policies ◽  
Life Data ◽  
Pricing Decision ◽  
Pricing Process ◽  
Pairwise Correlations ◽  
Number Of Customers ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper investigates the benefits of incorporating diversification effects into the pricing process of insurance policies from two different business lines. The paper shows that, for the same risk reduction, insurers pricing policies jointly can have a competitive advantage over those pricing them separately. However, the choice of competitiveness constrains the underwriting flexibility of joint pricers. The paper goes a step further by modelling explicitly the relationship between premiums and the number of customers in each line. Using the total collected premiums as a criterion to compare the competing strategies, the paper provides conditions for the optimal pricing decision based on policyholders’ sensitivity to price discounts. The results are illustrated for a portfolio of annuities and assurances. Further, using non-life data from the Brazilian insurance market, an empirical exploration shows that most pairs satisfy the condition for being priced jointly, even when pairwise correlations are high.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic inequality in recent adverse all-cause mortality trends in Scotland

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 971-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynda Fenton ◽  
Grant MA Wyper ◽  
Gerry McCartney ◽  
Jon Minton
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Inequality ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Socioeconomic Gradient ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mortality Improvement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mortality Improvements ◽  
Index Of Multiple Deprivation

BackgroundGains in life expectancies have stalled in Scotland, as in several other countries, since around 2012. The relationship between stalling mortality improvements and socioeconomic inequalities in health is unclear.MethodsWe calculate the difference, as percentage change, in all-cause, all-age, age-standardised mortality rates (ASMR) between 2006 and 2011 (period 1) and between 2012 and 2017 (period 2), for Scotland overall, by sex, and by Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) quintile. Linear regression is used to summarise the relationship between SIMD quintile and mortality rate change in each period.ResultsBetween 2006 and 2011, the overall ASMR fell by 10.6% (138/100 000), by 10.1% in women, and 11.8% in men, but between 2012 and 2017 the overall ASMR fell by only 2.6% (30/100 000), by 3.5% in women, and by 2.0% in men. Within the most deprived quintile, the overall ASMR fell by 8.6% (143/100 000) from 2006 to 2011 (7.2% in women; 9.8% in men), but rose by 1.5% (21/100 000) from 2012 to 2017 (0.7% in women; 2.1% in men).The socioeconomic gradient in ASMR improvement more than quadrupled, from 0.4% per quintile in period 1, to 1.7% per quintile in period 2.ConclusionFrom 2012 to 2017, socioeconomic gradients in mortality improvement in Scotland were markedly steeper than over the preceding 6 years. As a result, there has not only been a slowdown in overall reductions in mortality, but a widening of socioeconomic mortality inequalities.

Parseval transforms for finite frames

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 1850014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianwei Zheng ◽  
Shouzhi Yang ◽  
Yuan Yan Tang ◽  
Youfa Li
Keyword(s):  
Frame Theory ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Graph Structure ◽  
Finite Frames ◽  
Frame Operator ◽  
Finite Frame ◽  
Parseval Frames ◽  
Schmidt Orthogonalization ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between frames and Parseval frames is an important topic in frame theory. In this paper, we investigate Parseval transforms, which are linear transforms turning general finite frames into Parseval frames. We introduce two classes of transforms in terms of the right regular and left Parseval transform matrices (RRPTMs and LPTMs). We give representations of all the RRPTMs and LPTMs of any finite frame. Two important LPTMs are discussed in this paper, the canonical LPTM (square root of the inverse frame operator) and the RGS matrix, which are obtained by using row’s Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization. We also investigate the relationship between the Parseval frames generated by these two LPTMs. Meanwhile, for RRPTMs, we verify the existence of invertible RRPTMs for any given finite frame. Finally, we discuss the existence of block diagonal RRPTMs by taking the graph structure of the frame elements into consideration.

Optimal Time of Day and the Magnitude of Age Differences in Memory

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 326-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia P. May ◽  
Lynn Hasher ◽  
Ellen R. Stoltzfus
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Late Afternoon

Across two studies comparing younger and older adults, age differences in optimal performance periods were identified (Study 1), and then shown to be an important determinant of memory differences (Study 2). A norming study showed that while most younger adults were Evening or Neutral types, as determined by a standard questionnaire, the vast majority of older adults were Morning types. A second study compared the recognition performance of younger and older adults tested in the morning or in the late afternoon. Substantial age differences were found in the late afternoon, when younger but not older adults were at their optimal times. However, no age differences in memory performance were found in the morning, when older but not younger adults were at their peak period. Thus, synchrony between optimal performance periods and the time at which testing is conducted may well be a critical variable in determining group differences in intellectual performance, particularly between older and younger adults.

scholarly journals Functional heterogeneity of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase as indicated by its differential development and inducibility by glucocorticoids. Demonstration of two groups within the enzyme's activity towards twelve substrates

1978 ◽  
Vol 174 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Wishart
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Differential Development ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Foetal Liver ◽  
Group A ◽  
Neonatal Group ◽  
Udp Glucuronosyltransferase ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity towards 12 substrates has been assessed in rat liver during the perinatal period. 2. Between days 16 and 20 of gestation, enzyme activities towards the substrates 2-aminophenol, 2-aminobenzoate, 4-nitrophenol, 1-naphthol, 4-methylumbelliferone and 5-hydroxytryptamine (the ‘late foetal’ group) surge to reach adult values, while activities towards bilirubin, testosterone, beta-oestradiol, morphine, phenolphthalein, and chloramphenicol (the ‘neonatal’ group) remain negligible or at less than 10% of adult values. 3. By the second postnatal day, enzyme activities towards the neonatal group have attained, or approached adult values. 4. Dexamethasone precociously stimulates in 17-day foetal liver in utero transferase activities in the late foetal, but not the neonatal group. A similar inductive pattern is found for 15-day foetal liver in organ culture. 5. It is suggested that foetal glucocorticoids, whose synthesis markedly increases between days 16 and 20 of gestation, are responsibile for triggering the simultaneous surge of all the hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities in the late foetal group. The neonatal group of activities apparently require a different or additional stimulus for their appearance. 6. The relationship of these two groups of transferase activities to other similar groups observed during induction by xenobiotics and enzyme purification is discussed.

scholarly journals ANALISIS JALUR PENGARUH TEKNIK HITUNG VEDIC MATH, SUKU MAYA, CHUNKING TERHADAP PERHITUNGAN AKAR KUADRAT METODE BABILONIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-242
Author(s):  
Endro Tri Susdarwono
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Square Roots ◽  
Control Mastery ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this research is to discuss how the influence of several calculation techniques that exist both in the west and in the east, especially the Vedic Math, Maya, Chunking and Square Root Babylonian methods based on the use of path analysis. The approach in this research uses a descriptive approach, the method used is quantitative methods. The quantitative approach uses statistical tests with path analysis to answer the relationship and influence between the 4 variables. From the results of the path analysis, it is found that there is an effect of X1 (mastery of addition and subtraction with Vedic Math), X2 (mastery of multiplication by the Mayan tribe), X3 (mastery of division using the Chunking Method) on X3 (mastery of calculating square roots with Babylonian Middle Iteration). The total effect is 0.887, The total effect of 0.887 shows that the influence of Vedic Math's control of addition and control, mastery of the multiplication of the Maya method, and mastery of the division of the Chunking method based on path analysis have a joint effect on students' ability to calculate questions related to the square root of the Babylonian middle iteration technique.

scholarly journals Relationship between urban tourism traffic and tourism land use: A case study of Xiamen Island

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 761-776
Author(s):  
Yueer Gao ◽  
Yanqing Liao ◽  
Donggen Wang ◽  
Yongguang Zou
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Tourism ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Considerable Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The development of tourism leads to changes in land-use demands and patterns, which are complex and dynamic, in tourist cities. Functional differences in land use produce different travel needs and have different impacts on traffic, especially on tourism. This paper explores the relationship between tourism land use and tourism traffic. Taking Xiamen Island as an example, using multivariable linear regression models, tourism land use is divided into accommodation land use, shopping land use and restaurant land use as the independent variables of the model; and the origin-destination (OD) density of traffic analysis zones (TAZs) during National Day in 2018 (October 1 to 5) is chosen as the dependent variable. To compare the different impacts between tourism land use and tourism traffic during the tourism and non-tourism periods, the non-tourism period (March 11 to 15) is further studied. The results show the following: (1) Xiamen, as a tourism city, has not only regular traffic but also tourism traffic, and traffic during the tourism period is totally different than that in the non-tourism period. (2) Tourism land use has a considerable impact on both tourism traffic and non-tourism traffic, but the impact is greater during the tourism period than the non-tourism period. (3) In the morning peak hour of both the tourism period and the non-tourism period, accommodation land use shows prominent effects on traffic. In the evening peak hour, shopping land use significantly impacts traffic. The study provides a basis for urban tourism land use adjustment to achieve the sustainable development of tourism traffic.

scholarly journals Optimal Pricing and Capacity Under Well-Defined and Well-Known Deterministic Demand Fluctuations

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Tchai Tavor ◽  
Limor Dina Gonen ◽  
Uriel Spiegel
Keyword(s):  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Pricing Policies ◽  
Deterministic Demand ◽  
Optimal Capacity ◽  
Demand Fluctuations ◽  
Do So

Fluctuations in demand require diverse considerations with respect to planned capacity. At peak periods, decreased capacity may result in supply shortages and   thus in lower revenues and unachievable profits.  In contrast, smaller capacity at off-peak periods reduces the substantial costs of large and unutilized capacity.   The questions to be addressed ask (i) what the optimal pricing policies are at peak and off-peak periods; (ii) what the optimal capacity is for profit maximization of the supplier; and furthermore (iii) how the shifting of demands from peak to off-peak periods may reduce fluctuation and impact profits. The present paper develops a model that compares two cases. In Case 1 it is not possible to transfer partial demand from a peak period to an off-peak period, while in Case 2 it is possible to do so. The comparison between the cases illustrates various results, some of which are less intuitive than others. For instance, a larger gap between the peak and off-peak periods leads to a larger optimal capacity in Case 1 than in Case 2. However, a smaller gap presents a different picture. When there is less willingness to switch demand between the periods, the capacity of Case 2 is larger than that of Case 1. 

scholarly journals Gate 81:

IDEA JOURNAL ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-95
Author(s):  
Sally Stone
Keyword(s):  
Layered Structure ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
City Council ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
The People ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Embodied Meaning ◽  
Car Park ◽  
Bus Station ◽  
The Relationship

The discovery and recognition of the embodied meaning of a place can be interpreted through the existing building. The installation artist, the designer and the architect regard the building not as a blank canvas but as multi- layered structure, which they have the opportunity to activate. They have the opportunity to reflect upon the contingency, usefulness and emotional resonance of a particular place and use this knowledge to heighten the viewer’s perception of it. The relationship between the building and its wider location has often been seen as somewhat ambiguous and yet it is possible to describe some spaces as encapsulating, in miniature, the characteristic qualities or features of a much wider situation.The interior has an obvious and direct relationship with the building that it occupies, the people who use it, and also it can have a connection with the area in which it is located. Preston Bus Station is a marvellously brutal building. In 2012, the Preston City Council proposed its demolition and replacement with a surface car park; they refused to consider proposals for building re-use. This provocative act galvanised the various groups that were campaigning to save the building and proved to be the impetus for a number of different types of projects. Gate 81, a collaboration between architects, designers, academics and arts organisations, curated a series of events within the Bus Station with the intention of raising the profile of the building.This paper will discuss the nature of the building, document the Gate 81 projects and report upon this sanguine approach to conservation.

Distribution Characteristics of Fractures in the Volcanic Reservoirs of Songliao Basin, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 962-965 ◽  
pp. 273-276
Author(s):  
Lei Gong ◽  
Shuai Gao ◽  
Jian Guo Huang ◽  
Shu Jun Guo ◽  
Xian Xian Tao
Keyword(s):  
Songliao Basin ◽  
Hydrocarbon Generation ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Secondary Fracture ◽  
Gas Accumulation ◽  
Gas Source ◽  
Sealing Ability ◽  
Cap Rock ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Period

In order to clarify the relationship between fractures and gas accumulation, using data of cores, image logs and experimental analysis, we analyzed the fracture genetic types, development characteristics, controlling factors, distribution rules and formation periods. And then, by combining the evolution of source rock, activity periods of gas source faults and the evolution of cap rock sealing ability in the study area, we discussed the relationship between tectonic fractures and gas accumulation. The results show that there exist primary fracture and secondary fracture in the volcanic rocks of Yingcheng Formation in Songliao Basin. Between the two types, the secondary facture is dominant. Tectonic fractures are controlled by lithology, lithofacies and faults in the plane, and by unconformities vertically, with the characteristics of distribution of cycles. The tectonic fractures formed in three phases, wherein the second period coincides with the hydrocarbon generation peak period. During the second period, gas source faults are active and cap rock had a better sealing ability. This period is the main hydrocarbon accumulation stage in the study area.

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