scholarly journals Below-Ground Interspecific Competition of Apple (Malus pumila M.)–Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Intercropping Systems Based on Niche Overlap on the Loess Plateau of China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yubo Sun ◽  
Huaxing Bi ◽  
Huasen Xu ◽  
Hangqi Duan ◽  
Ruidong Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Malus Pumila ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Soybean Plants

To provide a scientific basis and technical support for agroforestry management practices, such as interrow configuration and soil water and fertilizer management, a stratified excavation method was performed both to explore the fine-root spatial distribution and niche differentiation and to quantify the below-ground interspecific competition status of 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old apple (Malus pumila M.)–soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) intercropping systems and monocropping systems. The fine roots of older trees occupied a larger soil space and had both a greater fine-root biomass density (FRMD) and a greater ability to reduce the FRMD of soybean, but this ability decreased with the distance from the apple tree row. Similarly, the FRMD of apple trees was also adversely affected by soybean plants, but this effect gradually increased with a decrease in tree age or with the distance from the tree row. Compared with that of the 3- and 5-year-old monocropped apple trees, the FRMD of the 3- and 5-year-old intercropped apple trees increased in the 40–100 cm and 60–100 cm soil layers, respectively. However, compared with that of the 7-year-old apple and soybean monocropping systems, the FRMD of the 7-year-old intercropped apple trees and soybean plants decreased in each soil layer. Compared with that of the corresponding monocropped systems, the fine-root vertical barycenter (FRVB) of the intercropped apple trees displaced deeper soil and that of the intercropped soybean plants displaced shallower soil. Furthermore, the FRVB of both intercropped apple trees and intercropped soybean plants displaced shallower soil with increasing tree age. Intense below-ground interspecific competition in the 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old apple–soybean intercropping systems occurred in the 0–40 cm soil layer at distances of 0.5–0.9, 0.5–1.3, and 0.5–1.7 m from the apple tree row, respectively.

scholarly journals Variation of Fine Roots Distribution in Apple (Malus pumila M.)–Crop Intercropping Systems on the Loess Plateau of China

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yubo Sun ◽  
Huaxing Bi ◽  
Huasen Xu ◽  
Hangqi Duan ◽  
Ruidong Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
The North ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

In arid and semi-arid areas, interspecific below-ground competition is prominent in agroforestry systems. To provide theoretical and technical guidance for the scientific management of apple–crop intercropping systems, a field study was conducted in the Loess Plateau of China to examine the variation of fine roots distribution in apple–crop intercropping systems. The fine roots of apple trees and crops (soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) or peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linn.)) were sampled to 100 cm depth at ten distances from the tree row using the stratified excavation method. The results showed that the vertical distribution of fine roots between intercropped apple trees and intercropped crops were skewed and overlapped. Apple–crop intercropping inhibited the fine roots of apple trees in the 0–60 cm soil depth, but promoted their growth in the 60–100 cm soil depth. However, apple–crop intercropping inhibited the fine roots of intercropped crops in the 0–100 cm soil depth. For the fine roots of each component of the apple–crop intercropping systems, variation in the vertical distribution was much greater than variation in the horizontal distribution. Compared with monocropped systems, apple–crop intercropping caused the fine roots of intercropped apple trees to move to deeper soil, and those of intercropped crops to move to shallower soil. Additionally, apple–crop intercropping slightly inhibited the horizontal extension of the fine-root horizontal barycentre (FRHB) of intercropped apple trees and caused the FRHB of intercropped crops to be slightly biased towards the north of the apple tree row. Variation of the fine roots distribution of each component of the apple–soybean intercropping system was greater than that of the apple–peanut intercropping system. Thus, the interspecific below-ground competition of the apple–peanut intercropping system was weaker than that of the apple–soybean intercropping system. Intense competition occurred in the apple–peanut intercropping system and the apple–soybean intercropping system was in sections whose distance ranged from 0.5–1.3 and 0.5–1.7 m from the tree row, respectively. The interspecific below-ground competition was fiercer on the south side of the apple tree row than on the north side.

scholarly journals Elucidating the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on the toxicity and accumulation of Cu in soybean plants (Glycine max L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 219 ◽  
pp. 112312
Author(s):  
Yinlong Xiao ◽  
Ying Du ◽  
Yue Xiao ◽  
Xiaohong Zhang ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Tio2 Nanoparticles ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Plants

scholarly journals Quantitative Proteomics Reveals that GmENO2 Proteins Are Involved in Response to Phosphate Starvation in the Leaves of Glycine max L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 920
Author(s):  
Ling Cheng ◽  
Wanling Min ◽  
Man Li ◽  
Lili Zhou ◽  
Chuan-Chih Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Phosphate Starvation ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Plants

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a major crop providing important source for protein and oil for human life. Low phosphate (LP) availability is a critical limiting factor affecting soybean production. Soybean plants develop a series of strategies to adapt to phosphate (Pi) limitation condition. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for LP stress response remain largely unknown. Here, we performed a label-free quantification (LFQ) analysis of soybean leaves grown under low and high phosphate conditions. We identified 267 induced and 440 reduced differential proteins from phosphate-starved leaves. Almost a quarter of the LP decreased proteins are involved in translation processes, while the LP increased proteins are accumulated in chlorophyll biosynthetic and carbon metabolic processes. Among these induced proteins, an enolase protein, GmENO2a was found to be mostly induced protein. On the transcriptional level, GmENO2a and GmENO2b, but not GmENO2c or GmENO2d, were dramatically induced by phosphate starvation. Among 14 enolase genes, only GmENO2a and GmENO2b genes contain the P1BS motif in their promoter regions. Furthermore, GmENO2b was specifically induced in the GmPHR31 overexpressing soybean plants. Our findings provide molecular insights into how soybean plants tune basic carbon metabolic pathway to adapt to Pi deprivation through the ENO2 enzymes.

Long-term effects of preplant liming on apple trees and soil cation levels

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-549
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue ◽  
P. B. Hoyt
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Key Words Apple

Nine years after liming a sandy loam orchard soil to pH 6.0 with calcium hydroxide or dolomitic lime, pH and extractable Ca and Mg were still higher where limed than where unlimed. However, pH had decreased below 5.0 in the limed and N-fertilized plots. Delicious (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple tree nutrition benefited from the two soil amendments. Leaf Mg was increased by dolomite. Leaf Ca was increased by calcium hydroxide. Leaf Mn, although highest in unlimed soils, increased over time for both limed and unlimed soil. Key words: Apple, lime application, reacidification

scholarly journals First Report of Sudden Death Syndrome (Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines) of Soybean in Minnesota

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Kurle ◽  
S. L. Gould ◽  
S. M. Lewandowski ◽  
S. Li ◽  
X. B. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Sudden Death Syndrome ◽  
South Central ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Soybean Plants

In August 2002, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants exhibiting foliar and root symptoms typical of sudden death syndrome were observed in Blue Earth and Steele counties in south-central Minnesota. Leaf symptoms ranging from small chlorotic spots to prominent interveinal necrosis were present on soybean plants at the R6 to R7 growth stage. As plants matured, complete defoliation took place with only petioles remaining. Symptomatic plants had necrotic secondary roots, truncated taproots, and discolored cortical tissue at the soil line. Blue sporodochia containing macroconidia were observed on the taproot of affected plants at both locations (3,4). Multiple cultures from both locations were obtained by transferring macroconidia from the sporodochia to potato dextrose agar (PDA) and modified Nash-Snyder Medium (NSM) (3). After 14 days, isolations were made from fungal colonies exhibiting bluish pigmentation and masses of bluish macroconidia (4). The isolates grew slowly, developed a bluish color, and formed sporodochia containing abundant macroconidia on NSM. These isolates were identified as Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. f. sp. glycines based on colony characteristics and morphology of macroconidia (2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted with a single isolate from each location. The isolate from Blue Earth County was inoculated as mycelia in a plug of media onto taproots of plants of susceptible cvs. Williams 82 and Spencer at the V2 growth stage. Chlorotic spots appeared on leaves after 12 days of growth at 22 to 25°C in the greenhouse. Interveinal necrosis appeared after 15 days (4). The isolate from Steele County was used to inoculate the susceptible cv. Great Lakes 3202. Sorghum seed (3 cm3) infested with mycelia of the isolate were placed 2 to 3 cm below soybean seed planted in Cone-Tainers. Noninfested sorghum seed was used as a control. Plants were maintained for 21 days at 22 to 28°C in the greenhouse. Chlorotic spots appeared on leaves of inoculated plants within 21 days after planting followed by the development of interveinal chlorosis and necrosis (1). Molecular analysis further supported the identification of the Steele County isolate as F. solani f. sp. glycines. Polymerase chain reaction with specific primers Fsg1 and Fsg2 of total genomic DNA extracted from the Steele County isolate amplified a 438-bp DNA fragment identical with that extracted from previously identified isolates of F. solani f. sp. glycines (1). In 2002, symptoms of sudden death syndrome were also reported in Olmsted, Freeborn, and Mower counties. Although studies are needed to determine the distribution of sudden death syndrome in the state, the occurrence of the symptoms at multiple locations suggests that F. solani f. sp. glycines is widely distributed in southeast and south-central Minnesota. The counties where sudden death syndrome symptoms were reported are located in the most productive soybean-growing region of Minnesota. Sudden death syndrome could be a serious threat to soybean production in this area since poorly drained, heavy, clay soils are common, and soil temperatures 18°C or less are normal before the end of May. References: (1) S. Li et al. Phytopathology 90:491, 2000. (2) K. W. Roy. Plant Dis. 81:566, 1997. (3) K. W. Roy et al. Plant Dis. 81:1100, 1997. (4) K. W. Roy. Plant Dis. 81:259, 1997.

scholarly journals Aspectos Bionômicos de Spodoptera eridania (Cramer): Uma Praga em Expansão na Cultura da Soja na Região do Cerrado Brasileiro

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza ◽  
Eduardo Neves Costa ◽  
Anderson Gonçalves da Silva ◽  
Arlindo Leal Boiça Júnior
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Spodoptera Eridania ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Midwest Region ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Economical Losses

A soja, Glycine max (L.) Merril, é uma das culturas de maior importância econômica para o Brasil, considerada uma commodity nacional devido à sua alta produtividade e participação nas exportações no mercado internacional. Dentre os insetos-pragas que causam danos para essa cultura, nos últimos anos agrícolas têm merecido destaque as lagartas de Spodoptera eridania (Cramer), as quais podem se alimentar tanto de folhas quanto das vagens das plantas de soja, causando prejuízos econômicos para os sojicultores, principalmente nas áreas do Cerrado localizadas na região Centro-Oeste do país. O objetivo da presente revisão é disponibilizar informações sobre os aspectos bionômicos de S. eridania, a fim de dar subsídios para futuras pesquisas sobre o manejo dessa praga.Bionomic Aspects of Spodoptera eridania (Cramer): A Pest in Expansion on Soybean Crop in the Region of Brazilian CerradoAbstract. Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merril, represents one of the major economically important crops to Brazil, and is considered a national commodity because of its high yield and participation in international trade exportations. Among the insect pests that cause damage to this crop, Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) larvae highlighted in the last agricultural seasons by feeding on leaves and pods of soybean plants, and hence causing economical losses to soybean growers, especially in the Cerrado areas located in the Midwest region of the country. We aimed with this review to provide information about bionomical aspects of S. eridania in order to give subsides for further researches on the management of this pest.

scholarly journals First report of Diaporthe ueckerae causing stem canker on soybean (Glycine max L.) in Colombia

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathali López-Cardona ◽  
YUDY ALEJANDRA GUEVARA ◽  
Lederson Gañán-Betancur ◽  
Carol Viviana Amaya Gomez
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Aerial Mycelium ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Soybean Plants

In October 2018, soybean plants displaying elongated black to reddish-brown lesions on stems were observed in a field planted to the cv. BRS Serena in the locality of Puerto López (Meta, Colombia), with 20% incidence of diseased plants. Symptomatic stems were collected from five plants, and small pieces (∼5 mm2) were surface sterilized, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated for 2 weeks at 25°C in darkness. Three fungal isolates with similar morphology were obtained, i.e., by subculturing single hyphal tips, and their colonies on PDA were grayish-white, fluffy, with aerial mycelium, dark colored substrate mycelium, and produced circular black stroma. Pycnidia were globose, black, occurred as clusters, embedded in tissue, erumpent at maturity, with an elongated neck, and often had yellowish conidial cirrus extruding from the ostiole. Alpha conidia were observed for all isolates after 30 days growth on sterile soybean stem pieces (5 cm) on water agar, under 25ºC and 12 h light/12h darkness photoperiod. Alpha conidia (n = 50) measured 6.0 – 7.0 µm (6.4 ± 0.4 µm) × 2.0 – 3.0 µm (2.5± 0.4 µm), were aseptate, hyaline, smooth, ellipsoidal, often biguttulate, with subtruncate base. Beta conidia were not observed. Observed morphological characteristics of these isolates were similar to those reported in Diaporthe spp. by Udayanga et al. (2015). DNA from each fungal isolate was used to sequence the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), and the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) gene, using the primer pairs ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990) and EF1-728F/EF1- 986R (Carbone & Kohn, 1999), respectively. Results from an NCBI-BLASTn, revealed that the ITS sequences of the three isolates (GenBank accessions MW566593 to MW566595) had 98% (581/584 bp) identity with D. miriciae strain BRIP 54736j (NR_147535.1), whereas the TEF1 sequences (GenBank accessions MW597410 to MW597412) had 97 to 100% (330-339/339 bp) identity with D. ueckerae strain FAU656 (KJ590747). The species Diaporthe miriciae R.G. Shivas, S.M. Thomps. & Y.P. Tan, and Diaporthe ueckerae Udayanga & Castl. are synonymous, with the latter taking the nomenclature priority (Gao et al. 2016). According to a multilocus phylogenetic analysis, by maximum likelihood, the three isolates clustered together in a clade with reference type strains of D. ueckerae (Udayanga et al. 2015). Soybean plants cv. BRS Serena (growth stages V3 to V4) were used to verify the pathogenicity of each isolate using a toothpick inoculation method (Mena et al. 2020). A single toothpick colonized by D. ueckerae was inserted directly into the stem of each plant (10 plants per isolate) approximately 1 cm below the first trifoliate node. Noncolonized sterile toothpicks, inserted in 10 soybean plants served as the non-inoculated control. Plants were arbitrarily distributed inside a glasshouse, and incubated at high relative humidity (>90% HR). After 15 days, inoculated plants showed elongated reddish-brown necrosis at the inoculated sites, that were similar to symptoms observed in the field. Non-inoculated control plants were asymptomatic. Fungal cultures recovered from symptomatic stems were morphologically identical to the original isolates. This is the first report of soybean stem canker caused by D. ueckerae in Colombia. Due to the economic importance of this disease elsewhere (Backman et al. 1985; Mena et al. 2020), further research on disease management strategies to mitigate potential crop losses is warranted.

scholarly journals Examination of soils and crops after the inundations of 1st February, 1953. III. Sensitivity to salt of inundated fruit crops.

1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-34
Author(s):  
W.G. Beeftink
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Growth Condition ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Tree Resistance

Characteristic symptoms of salt water flood damage are described for apples, pears, plums, cherries, currants, gooseberry, walnuts, grapes and mulberries. In general the crops showed symptoms of drying out, indicating their inability to absorb enough water. A table of the approximate sensitivity of the fruit crops, and also of apple and pear varieties was compiled; there was a wider range of sensitivity in apples than in pears. The sensitivity of the chief Malling rootstocks did not appear to run parallel to their vigour. The salt content of the soil moisture was the limiting factor for apple and pear recovery; 7-8 g. per litre for apples, and 11-12 g. for pears were the limits beyond which trees could not be saved. Flooding had no influence on the growth condition of apples and pears until after it had lasted 8 or 9 weeks. Tree age had no clear effect on sensitivity, though apple trees of 25 years and over had less resistance. Deep cultivation before flooding, soil exhaustion, and general neglect had detrimental effects on tree resistance. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Retracted: Long-term copper toxicity in apple trees (Malus pumila Mill) and bioaccumulation in fruits

2010 ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Bai-Ye Sun ◽  
Shi-Hong Kan ◽  
Yan-Zong Zhang ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Shi-Huai Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Toxicity ◽  
Malus Pumila ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Pumila Mill
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