scholarly journals Influence of Soil and Manure Management Practices on Surface Runoff Phosphorus and Nitrogen Loss in a Corn Silage Production System: A Paired Watershed Approach

Soil Systems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jessica F. Sherman ◽  
Eric O. Young ◽  
William E. Jokela ◽  
Michael D. Casler ◽  
Wayne K. Coblentz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Period ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Buffer Strip ◽  
Paired Watershed

Best management practices (BMPs) can mitigate erosion and nutrient runoff. We evaluated runoff losses for silage corn management systems using paired watershed fields in central Wisconsin. A two-year calibration period of fall-applied liquid dairy manure incorporated with chisel plow tillage (FMT) was followed by a three and a half-year treatment period. During the treatment period FMT was continued on one field, and three different systems on the others: (a) fall-applied manure and chisel tillage plus a vegetative buffer strip (BFMT); (b) a fall rye cover crop with spring manure application and chisel tillage (RSMT), both BMPs; a common system (c) fall manure application with spring chisel tillage (FMST). Year-round runoff monitoring included flow, suspended sediment (SS), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), ammonium (NH4+-N), nitrate, and total nitrogen (TN). Results showed BFMT reduced runoff SS, TP, and TN concentration and load compared to FMT. The RSMT system reduced concentrations of SS, TP, and TN, but not load because of increased runoff. The FMST practice increased TP, DRP, and NH4+-N loads by 39, 376, and 197%, respectively. While BMPs showed mitigation potential for SS, TN, and TP, none controlled DRP, suggesting additional practices may be needed in manured corn silage fields with high runoff potential.

Influence of low‐disturbance fall liquid dairy manure application on corn silage yield, soil nitrate, and rye cover crop growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1298-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica F. Sherman ◽  
Eric O. Young ◽  
William E. Jokela ◽  
Jason Cavadini
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crop ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Manure Application

scholarly journals Georgia Homeowner Survey of Landscape Management Practices

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Varlamoff ◽  
W.J. Florkowski ◽  
J.L. Jordan ◽  
J. Latimer ◽  
K. Braman
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Landscape Management ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Outreach Programs ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Frequent Use

A survey of Georgia homeowners provided insights about their use of fertilizers and pesticides. Knowledge of current homeowner practices is needed to develop a best management practices manual to be used by Master Gardeners to train the general public through the existing outreach programs. The objective of the training program is to reduce nutrient runoff and garden chemicals and improve the quality of surface water in urban water-sheds. Results showed three of four homeowners did their own landscaping and, therefore, fully controlled the amount of applied chemicals and the area of application. Fertilizers were primarily applied to lawns, but a high percentage of homeowners also applied them to trees, shrubs, and flowers. Insecticides were applied by a larger percentage of homeowners than herbicides. Control of fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) was likely the reason behind the frequent use of insecticides. The desire for a weed free lawn was the plausible motivation behind the use of herbicides, which were used mostly on lawns. Fungicide use was infrequently reported by Georgia homeowners. The pattern of fertilizer and pesticide use suggests that the developed manual should emphasize techniques and cultural practices, which could lower the dependence on chemicals, while ultimately assuring the desired appearance of turf and ornamental plants.

scholarly journals (127) Effects of Substrate on Nutrient Uptake and Nitrate Leaching in Lilies

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1085E-1086
Author(s):  
Donald J. Merhaut ◽  
Julie P. Newman
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Nitrate Content ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Best Management ◽  
The Media

Lilies are produced throughout the year in coastal areas of California. Cultural practices involve daily applications of water and fertilizer, using both controlled release fertilizers (CRF) and liquid fertilizers (LF). However, many production facilities are in proximity to coastal wetlands and are therefore at greater risk of causing nitrogen pollution via runoff and leaching. Due to federal and state regulations, nurseries must present a plan of best management practices (BMPs) to mitigate nutrient runoff and leaching and begin implementing these practices in the next 2 years. In the following studies, we determined the potential for nitrate leaching from four different types of substrates (coir, coir: peat, peat, and native soil). There were four replications of each treatment, with a replication consisting of one crate planted with 25 bulbs. Two cultivars were used in two separate experiments, `Star Fighter' and `Casa Blanca'. Nitrate leaching was determined by placing an ion-exchange resin bag under each crate at the beginning of the study. After plant harvest (14–16 weeks), resin bags were collected and analyzed for nitrate content. Plant tissues were dried and ground and analyzed for nitrogen content. Based on the results of these studies, it appears that the use of coir, peat, and soil may not influence plant growth significantly. Substrate type may mitigate the amount of nitrate leaching through the media. However, the cultivar type may also influence the degree of nitrate mitigation, since leaching results varied between the two cultivars.

scholarly journals Manure Application Timing and Tillage Influence on Nutrient Loss from Snowmelt Runoff

Soil Systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Ammar B. Bhandari ◽  
Ronald Gelderman ◽  
David German ◽  
Dennis Todey
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Snowmelt Runoff ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Dissolved Phosphorus

Winter manure application contributes substantial nutrient loss during snowmelt and influences water quality. The goal of this study is to develop best management practices (BMPs) for winter manure management. We compared nutrient concentrations in snowmelt runoff from three dates of feedlot solid beef manure application (November, January, and March) at 18 tons ha−1 on untilled and fall-tilled plots. The manure was applied at a single rate. Sixteen 4 m2 steel frames were installed in the fall to define individual plots. Treatments were randomly assigned so that each tillage area had two control plots, two that received manure during November, two in January, and two in March. Snowmelt runoff from each individual plot was collected in March and analyzed for runoff volume (RO), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), total suspended solids (TSS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), and total dissolved phosphorus (TDP). Snowmelt runoff concentrations and loads of NH4-N, TKN, TP, and TDP were significantly higher in runoff from manure application treatments compared to control. The concentration of NH4-N and loads of NH4-N and TDP were significantly (p = 0.05) greater (42%, 51%, and 47%, respectively) from untilled compared to fall-tilled plots. The November application significantly increased RO, NH4-N, and TDP concentrations and loads in the snowmelt runoff compared to January and March applications. Results showed that nutrient losses in snowmelt runoff were reduced from manure applications on snow compared to non-snow applications. The fall tillage before winter manure application decreased nutrient losses compared to untilled fields.

Best Management Practices to Reduce Pesticide and Nutrient Runoff from Turf

1999 ◽  
pp. 268-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Baird ◽  
N. T. Basta ◽  
R. L. Huhnke ◽  
G. V. Johnson ◽  
M. E. Payton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Best Management

scholarly journals A Public-Private Partnership to Locate Fields for Implementation and Monitoring of Best Management Practices to Treat Legacy Phosphorus

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Brooker ◽  
Jessica D'Ambrosio ◽  
Mackenzie M. L. Jones ◽  
Margaret Kalcic ◽  
Kevin W. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Western Lake

Legacy nutrients stored in agricultural soils are a substantial component of riverine nutrient discharge contributing to the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. These nutrient loads can persist and delay water quality initiatives, for example, those of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement which seek to reduce phosphorus (P) loads entering the Western Lake Erie Basin. In this watershed, approximately 5% of fields have P concentrations 2.5-fold greater than the maximum agronomic recommendations for corn and soybeans. Fields with these elevated-P concentrations (>100 mg P kg−1 soil) act as a source of legacy-P and discharge greater P loads. Implementing best management practices to treat runoff from these fields is desirable but finding them has been a challenge as soil test data are proprietary information creating an asymmetric information barrier. To overcome this barrier, we formed a public-private partnership that included agricultural retailers who conduct soil testing for farmers. Agricultural retailers who partnered with this project provided their soil P data and contacted farmers to gauge their interest, maintaining privacy for farmers until they expressed interest. Only 3.8% of soil samples in the provided data had elevated-P concentrations. In many cases, these elevated-P soils were confined to zones within fields, and 13% of fields had at least one elevated-P zone. We pursued these elevated-P fields as research sites for the implementation and monitoring of management practices. The agricultural retailers contacted 77 farmers with surveys, and 25 responded with interest in meeting the research team to discuss the project. Following a preliminary evaluation with the spatial data of fields operated by interested farmers, visits were arranged so that 12 research sites could be located. As indicated through the surveys, discussions with farmers, and soil data, many of the fields had accumulated elevated-P due to historic land-use (livestock, manure, or biosolid application) creating legacy sources. We conclude that public-private partnerships featuring agricultural retailers are a promising tool that may help overcome asymmetric information barriers to finding and managing agricultural fields with legacy-P that that disproportionately contribute to nutrient runoff.

scholarly journals Water Quality Regulations in the Chesapeake Bay: Working to More Precisely Estimate Nutrient Loading Rates and Incentivize Best Management Practices in the Nursery and Greenhouse Industry

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1097-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Majsztrik ◽  
John D. Lea-Cox
Keyword(s):  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Sediment Runoff ◽  
Nutrient Runoff ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Nutrient Trading

Restoration efforts in the Chesapeake Bay recently intensified with the 2010 introduction of federal total maximum daily load (TMDL) limits for all 92 bay watershed segments. These regulations have specific, binding consequences if any of the six states or the District of Columbia fail to meet interim goals, including loss of federal dollars for various programs and increasing regulation of point sources, if non-point source (agricultural and urban) nutrient reduction goals are not met in the watershed. As part of the effort to better understand and account for non-point sources of pollution in the watershed, a team of agricultural experts from across the bay region was recently assembled, including the nursery industry. The goal of this panel was to inform stakeholders and policymakers about the inputs and management practices used across all Bay states. To increase both the precision and accuracy of loading rate estimates, more precise information should guide future iterations of the Chesapeake Bay model. A more accurate accounting of land area by operation type (e.g., greenhouse, container, and field) is a primary issue for the nursery and greenhouse industry, because the current Chesapeake Bay model relies on USDA agricultural census data, which does not separate container and field production, which have very different nutrient and irrigation practices. Field operations also typically account for a higher percentage of production area in each state, which may skew model results. This is very important because the type of operation (field, container-nursery, or greenhouse operation) has a significant impact on plant density, types of fertilizer used, and application rates, which combine with irrigation and water management practices to affect potential nutrient runoff. It is also important to represent a variety of implemented best management practices (BMPs) in the Chesapeake Bay model such as vegetated buffer strips, sediment ponds, controlled-release fertilizer, and accurately assess how these mitigate both nutrient and sediment runoff from individual operations. There may also be opportunities for growers who have implemented BMPs such as low-phosphorus slow-release fertilizers (SRF), precision irrigation, etc., to gain additional revenue through nutrient trading. Although there are currently some questions about how nutrient trading will work, this could provide additional incentives for further implementation of BMPs by both ornamental and other agricultural growers. It is possible that the TMDL process currently being implemented throughout the Chesapeake Bay will be used as a remediation process for other impaired estuarine water bodies, which have similar water-use regulations and issues. The lessons learned about the Chesapeake Bay model in general, and for the nursery and greenhouse industry in particular, will likely provide guidance for how we can be proactive in reducing environmental impacts and protect the economic viability of ornamental growers in the future.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of grass filter strips for runoff nutrient and sediment reduction in dairy sludge-amended pastures.

1969 ◽  
Vol 92 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
David Sotomayor-Ramírez ◽  
Gustavo A. Martínez ◽  
John Ramírez-Ávila ◽  
Edwin Más
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Filter Strip ◽  
Grass Filter Strips ◽  
The Impact

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that grass filter strips are effective in reducing nutrient and sediment concentrations in runoff from grazed pasture amended with dairy manure sludge. The experiment was carried out under recommended practices in two fields of a dairy farm in San Sebastián municipality, Puerto Rico. Runoff generated following a precipitation event was diverted into runoff-collection devices placed at 0, 10, and 20 m within a grass filter barrier. Samples were analyzed for suspended solids (SS), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), dissolved phosphorus (DP), and total phosphorus (TP). Suspended solid concentrations in runoff entering the filter strips were minimal, which is indicative that SS losses are not numerically significant from pasture fields exhibiting high vegetative coverage. Elevated TP and TKN concentrations were observed in runoff events occurring within 10 days after manure application. This finding indicates that farmers must avoid scheduling manure applications at times when significant rains are expected, because direct runoff will result in excessive off-field nutrient losses if no filter strip is present. In both fields, DP concentrations in runoff were significantly reduced with a filter strip 20 m wide, whereas TP concentrations were significantly reduced only from the field exhibiting the highest concentration in runoff, i.e., Toronjo field. A 27% decrease in TKN concentration was observed in the Toronjo field as a result of the 20-m filter strip (relative to the entrance), but such reduction was nonsignificant. Although the 20-m grass filter strip was effective in reducing nutrient concentrations in runoff from manure-amended fields, the implementation of other best management practices is needed to reduce the impact of nutrient losses to levels that do not pose a threat to the integrity of the receiving waters.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Loss Estimation Worksheet (NLEW): An Agricultural Nitrogen Loading Reduction Tracking Tool

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 777-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna L. Osmond ◽  
Lin Xu ◽  
Noah N. Ranells ◽  
Steve C. Hodges ◽  
Roger Hansard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Loss Estimation ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Total N

The Neuse River Basin in North Carolina was regulated in 1998, requiring that all pollution sources (point and nonpoint) reduce nitrogen (N) loading into the Neuse Estuary by 30%. Point source N reductions have already been reduced by approximately 35%. The diffuse nature of nonpoint source pollution, and its spatial and temporal variability, makes it a more difficult problem to treat. Agriculture is believed to contribute over 50% of the total N load to the river. In order to reduce these N inputs, best management practices (BMPs) are necessary to control the delivery of N from agricultural activities to water resources and to prevent impacts to the physical and biological integrity of surface and ground water. To provide greater flexibility to the agricultural community beyond standard BMPs (nutrient management, riparian buffers, and water-control structures), an agricultural N accounting tool, called Nitrogen Loss Estimation Worksheet (NLEW), was developed to track N reductions due to BMP implementation. NLEW uses a modified N-balance equation that accounts for some N inputs as well as N reductions from nutrient management and other BMPs. It works at both the field- and county-level scales. The tool has been used by counties to determine different N reduction strategies to achieve the 30% targeted reduction.

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