scholarly journals Wildlife Crime: A Crime of Hegemonic Masculinity?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Ragnhild Sollund
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Large Carnivores ◽  
Wildlife Crime ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Wildlife Trafficking ◽  
Large Predators ◽  
Illegal Killing

Scholarship within green criminology focusing on crimes and harms against nonhuman animals has been increasing. Little attention, however, has been directed at the gendered aspects of these crimes. For example, why is it that the great majority of offenders involved in wildlife trade and the illegal killing of endangered predators are male? The aim of this article is to fill the gap in the literature, relying on confiscation reports from Norwegian Customs of nonhuman animals—most of whom are listed in CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora)—as well as an analysis of verdicts in cases in Norwegian courts of “theriocides” (animal murders) of large predators. This article will assess the number of men and women involved in these crimes and harms, and will present some trends of theriociders. This article will employ ecofeminist and masculinities theories to better understand the gendered dynamics involved in wildlife trafficking and the theriocides of large carnivores.

scholarly journals Contesting and Contextualising CITES: Wildlife Trafficking in Colombia and Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rodríguez Goyes ◽  
Ragnhild Sollund
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Wildlife Trafficking

This article raises the question of whether recently implemented legislation in Colombia and Brazil (1) provides the necessary tools to prevent the harms of wildlife trafficking (WLT) and (2) influences humans’ practices concerning the use of nonhuman animals. These questions are investigated from the dual perspectives of green criminology and public policy. The analysis is based on a qualitative empirical study undertaken in Colombia and Brazil whereby we discuss the function of the legislation in Colombia and Brazil in preventing illegal WLT. We consider the legitimacy of different practices of WLT and evaluate them with respect to species justice and environmental justice.

12. Green criminology

2021 ◽  
pp. 345-373
Author(s):  
Angus Nurse
Keyword(s):  
Animal Rights ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Environmental Crime ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Wildlife Crime ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Wildlife Trafficking

This chapter studies green criminology, a strand of criminology that looks at crimes against the environment, animals, and non-human nature that are largely ignored by mainstream criminology. Green criminology takes a critical approach, looking beyond narrow, human-centred definitions of crime to consider a wider conception which some see as a form of social harm. Green criminologists examine a wide range of environmental issues, from wildlife crime, wildlife trafficking, animal rights, and species justice to corporate environmental crime and illegal pollution, ecological justice and ecocide, food crime, and the links between organised crime and the waste industry. The chapter looks at how environmental issues are sometimes neglected by markets, the criminological concepts and theoretical approaches associated with green criminology, and the debate about whether we should focus on green crimes or harms. It also considers how environmental harms are regulated and the different ways of responding to and policing green crimes.

Nonspeciesist Criminology, Wildlife Trade, and Animal Victimization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragnhild Sollund
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Bushmeat Trade ◽  
The Right

The development of green criminology is the background for nonspeciesist criminology, which is a field through which the harms of legal and illegal wildlife trade can be conceptualized. While humans to varying degrees are ascribed status as victims of crimes and harms, to a far less degree is this the case for animals and the natural world. A hierarchy is present in terms of who legitimately has the right to claim victimhood, who is ascribed victimhood, and for whom this is not accepted. Those who suffer most from abuse and exploitation may be the last to be regarded as victims, and this is consistent with them being powerless. This is the case for the animals who are victims of wildlife trade. In the field of green criminology, a critical victimology that includes animals is employed, which sees behind power structures, such as those reliant on anthropocentrism and speciesism. A critical victimology takes into consideration perspectives such as a being’s sentience and intrinsic value, relying on concepts like eco justice, species justice, and environmental justice. Within this framework, rather than regarding nonhuman animals as property, it is accepted that they suffer from human destruction of habitat, from being forced into industrialized meat production complexes and abattoirs, and wildlife trade. Different forms of wildlife trade are expanding, whether the animals are taken for the bushmeat trade, for experimental and medical use, for trophies, or as pets. While humans and nonhuman animals are similar in their ability to experience joy, social bonding and suffering, and have an interest in living unharmed, their species affiliation determines what legislation comes into play, if any. Responses to wildlife trade are largely anthropocentric, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and too weak.

scholarly journals Surviving the Wildlife Trade in Southeast Asia: Reforming the ‘Disposal’ of Confiscated Live Animals under CITES

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 439
Author(s):  
Shannon N. Rivera ◽  
Andrew Knight ◽  
Steven P. McCulloch
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Wildlife Crime ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Wild Fauna ◽  
Animal Management ◽  
Demand Reduction ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
In Captivity

Increased focus on the illegal global wildlife trade has resulted in greater numbers of live animals confiscated by authorities, increasing the need to manage these animals responsibly. Most wildlife seizures take place in Southeast Asia, with global demand for live animals fuelling much of the trafficking. Guidelines for the ‘disposal’ of live specimens are provided by the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), although individual Parties must implement provisions through national laws and regulations. ‘Disposal’ is the term used for the management of illegally traded wildlife upon confiscation. Confiscated live animals can be euthanised (i.e., killed), repatriated to their native country and released, or kept in captivity. This study investigates barriers to proper care and disposal of confiscated live animals in Southeast Asia, where roughly one quarter of the global multibillion dollar illegal wildlife trade takes place. Interviews were conducted with 18 professionals working within conservation, wildlife crime, and confiscated live animal management. Eight limitations to the proper care and disposal of confiscated wildlife were identified: (1) political will, (2) policy, (3) funding, (4) capacity, (5) expertise (6) attitudes and behaviours, (7) exploitation, and (8) corruption. Based on interviews, we propose seven key reforms to support the efficient and humane management of illegally traded wildlife for national authorities and CITES parties. These are wildlife seizure management, legislative support, enhanced political will, demand reduction, global participation, registry of rescue centres, and terminology change. This research highlights major barriers to the proper care and disposal of live confiscated animals and proposes key reforms to improve the conservation of threatened species and the welfare of millions of illegally traded animals.

scholarly journals Large Carnivores of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Exclusion Zone

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. e-21-e-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Shkvyria ◽  
D. Vishnevskiy
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Large Carnivores ◽  
Exclusion Zone ◽  
Animal Group ◽  
Large Predators

Large Carnivores of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Exclusion Zone During nine years observations on large carnivores of Exclusion Zone have been carried out. Species composition and the number of large predators in the Exclusion Zone correspond to the regional conditions. The presence of bears and permanent stay of the lynx in the Exclusion Zone was confirmed. Six wolf packs were counted. The use of an anthropogenically transformed areas, the shift of the daily regime of activity and characteristics of the diet are the most specific features of this animal group.

To Protect and Kill: US Fish and Wildlife Service’s Management of Human–Wildlife Conflict, 1996-2011

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
State Agencies ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Wildlife Conflict ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
Human Wildlife Conflict

AbstractHarms against nonhuman animals have become a significant concern in different disciplines (e.g., green criminology). This paper presents a multi-disciplinary discussion of one form of animal harm—wildlife harm—created by state agencies charged with protecting animals. Specifically, this issue is examined by reviewing the complex problems faced by theUSFish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), which is charged with competing objectives: between protecting economic and public health interests, and protecting wildlife. In managing the human–wildlife conflicts brought to its attention, theUSFWSmust often make tradeoffs between protecting economic and public health interests, and protecting wildlife. As the data reviewed here indicate, this leads theUSFWSto kill a large number of animals each year to protect economic and public health interests—more than 40 million animals since 1996. The political and economic factors that influence these killings, and how the state balances conflicting interests, are also examined.

scholarly journals Understanding Wildlife Crime from Eco-Existential and African Perspectives: A Psycho-Philosophical Investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 11675
Author(s):  
Claude-Hélène Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Wildlife Crime ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Global Environmental Changes ◽  
Existential Givens

Wildlife crime has huge consequences regarding global environmental changes to animals, plants and the entire ecosystem. Combatting wildlife crime effectively requires a deep understanding of human–wildlife interactions and an analysis of the influencing factors. Conservation and green criminology are important in reducing wildlife crime, protecting wildlife and the ecosystem and informing policy-makers about best practices and strategies. However, the past years have shown that wildlife crime is not easy to combat and it is argued in this article that there are underlying existential “givens” and culture-specific aspects that need to be investigated to understand why wildlife crime is still on the rise. This theoretical article explores (eco-)existential perspectives, Greening’s four givens and selected African philosophical concepts, aiming to understand the complexities behind the prevalence of wildlife crime within global and African contexts.

Animal abuse, biotechnology and species justice

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rodríguez Goyes ◽  
Ragnhild Sollund
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Western World ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Animal Abuse ◽  
Justice Theory ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Instrumental View

Generally, in the modern, western world, conceptualizations of the natural environment are associated with what nature can offer us—an anthropocentric perspective whereby humans treat nature and all its biotic components as ‘natural resources’. When nature and the beings within it are regarded purely in utilitarian terms, humans lose sight of the fact that ecosystems and nonhuman animals have intrinsic value. Most biotechnological use of nonhuman animals is informed by an instrumental view of nature. In this article, we endeavour to broaden the field of animal abuse studies by including in it the exploration of biotechnological abuse of animals. We analyse the issue by discussing it in relation to differing philosophical starting points and, in particular, the rights and justice theory developed within green criminology.

14. Green criminology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avi Brisman ◽  
Nigel South
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Green Criminology ◽  
Animal Abuse ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Criminological Perspective ◽  
Wildlife Trafficking ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
And Control

Criminology must maintain relevance in a changing world and engage with new challenges. Perhaps pre-eminent among those facing the planet today are threats to the natural environment and, by extension, to human health and rights and to other species. A green criminology has emerged as a (now well established) criminological perspective that addresses a wide range of harms, offences, and crimes related to the environment and environmental victims. This chapter provides a review of green criminological work on climate change, consumption and waste, state-corporate and organized crimes, animal abuse, and wildlife trafficking. It also considers the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches to regulation and control.

scholarly journals Opportunistic or Non-Random Wildlife Crime? Attractiveness Rather Than Abundance in the Wild Leads to Selective Parrot Poaching

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Romero-Vidal ◽  
Fernando Hiraldo ◽  
Federica Rosseto ◽  
Guillermo Blanco ◽  
Martina Carrete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Wildlife Crime ◽  
Conservation Implications ◽  
Species Abundances ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
First Time

Illegal wildlife trade, which mostly focuses on high-demand species, constitutes a major threat to biodiversity. However, whether poaching is an opportunistic crime within high-demand taxa such as parrots (i.e., harvesting proportional to species availability in the wild), or is selectively focused on particular, more desirable species, is still under debate. Answering this question has important conservation implications because selective poaching can lead to the extinction of some species through overharvesting. However, the challenges of estimating species abundances in the wild have hampered studies on this subject. We conducted a large-scale survey in Colombia to simultaneously estimate the relative abundance of wild parrots through roadside surveys (recording 10,811 individuals from 25 species across 2221 km surveyed) and as household, illegally trapped pets in 282 sampled villages (1179 individuals from 21 species). We used for the first time a selectivity index to test selection on poaching. Results demonstrated that poaching is not opportunistic, but positively selects species based on their attractiveness, defined as a function of species size, coloration, and ability to talk, which is also reflected in their local prices. Our methodological approach, which shows how selection increases the conservation impacts of poaching for parrots, can be applied to other taxa also impacted by harvesting for trade or other purposes.

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