scholarly journals From the Inquisition Pyre to Insertion into the Church: The Familial and Social Trajectory of Hernando Ortiz, a Jewish Convert in the Spanish Empire in the 16th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 264
Author(s):  
Clara Ramirez
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Active Member ◽  
Jewish Ancestry ◽  
The Family ◽  
To Come ◽  
The University ◽  
The Church

This is a study of the trajectory of a Jewish converso who had a brilliant career at the University of Mexico in the 16th century: he received degrees from the faculties of arts, theology and law and was a professor for more than 28 years. He gained prestige and earned the respect of his fellow citizens, participated in monarchical politics and was an active member of his society, becoming the elected bishop of Guatemala. However, when he tried to become a judge of the Inquisition, a thorough investigation revealed his Jewish ancestry back in the Iberian Peninsula, causing his career to come to a halt. Further inquiry revealed that his grandmother had been burned by the Inquisition and accused of being a Judaizer around 1481; his nephews and nieces managed, in 1625, to obtain a letter from the Inquisition vouching for the “cleanliness of blood” of the family. Furthermore, the nephews founded an entailed estate in Oaxaca and forbade the heir of the entail to marry into the Jewish community. The university was a factor that facilitated their integration, but the Inquisition reminded them of its limits. The nephews denied their ancestors and became part of the society of New Spain. We have here a well-documented case that represents the possible existence of many others.

scholarly journals The Indians and Major Studies in New Spain: Monarchical Politics, Debates, and Results

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Aguirre
Keyword(s):  
New Spain ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Mental Capacity ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
University Colleges ◽  
The University ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The Church

This article studies some stages and debates about the access of New Spain’s Indians to major studies: The discussion about their mental capacity in the 16th century, the impulse of Carlos II to the indigenous nobility in the 17th century, or the reticence in the Royal University of Mexico and the Church to their acceptance in the 18th century. It also analyzes the responses given by the Crown to the interest of the Indians elites in superior studies, degrees and public positions, protected by their rights as free vassals of the kingdom and as nobles, comparable to the Spanish nobility. Despite the insistent resistance of sectors of the colonial government and society to the rise of Indians, they firmly defended, in the 18th century, the rights and privileges granted to them by the monarchy since the beginning of New Spain, thereby achieving their entry into the university, colleges, and clergy.

scholarly journals A Study of Elizabethan Period (1558-1603)

IJOHMN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-86
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javed
Keyword(s):  
English Literature ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
General Reader ◽  
English History ◽  
The University ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Way

In this study, the researcher has mentioned the writers and their major works in Elizabethan age (1558-1603).  The researcher has mentioned almost nineteen writers and their famous works. By reading this research paper, any general reader can easily understand that who are the major writers of the age and what are their famous works. The language and method of presenting the data are very easy. The researcher also has mentioned the major contributions of this era’s writers. As we know that University Wits also fall in this era, thus the researcher has mentioned them and their works too.  S. Dutta (2014) declared that The University Wits is a phrase used to title a group of late 16th-century English pamphleteers and playwrights who were studied at the universities Cambridge and Oxford. They appeared famous worldly writers. This era has reminisced for its richness of drama and poetry. This era ended in 1603. Elizabeth turns out to be one of the greatest prominent royals in English history, mainly after 1588, when the English beat the Spanish Armada which had been sent by Spain to reestablish Catholicism and defeat England. All the way through the Elizabethan age, English literature has changed from a shell into a delightful being with imagination, creativeness, and boundless stories. It was not about mystery or miracle plays and the poetry was not nearby religion and the principles addressed in the Church.

scholarly journals (Confessional) Lutheran perspectives on the unity of the church

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter H. Reinstorf
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Lord's Supper ◽  
Church Of Christ ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
1 Corinthians ◽  
University Of Pretoria ◽  
Political Intervention ◽  
Table Fellowship ◽  
The University ◽  
The Church

From personal experience, this article shares to what degree the Faculty of Theology at the University of Pretoria was and continues to be a gateway to the future, challenging among others the divisions that characterise the Church of Christ worldwide. The article argues that for the 16th-century Reformers the unity of the church was a given and that the  (Lutheran) confessions were written to establish such a unity through agreement in confession and joint rejection of false doctrines. However, such statements of faith did not overcome the divisions, but institutionalised them, leading to a divided Church of Christ. Political intervention to work unity between Lutherans and Reformers deepened divisions more than ever, leading among others to a break of fellowship at the Lord’s Supper. Applying Luther’s hermeneutical principle of was Christum treibet (what drives Christ), the author seeks to rediscover a way of interpreting Scripture by focusing not on literal differences, but on that which is foundational to Scripture, namely the Christ event. This is applied in particular to the topic of table fellowship and divisions in Corinth with regard to the Lord’s Supper, addressed in 1 Corinthians 11, culminating in a critical deconstruction of past practices in confessional Lutheran churches. In view of doctrinal differences, a hermeneutics of conversation is proposed that can vigorously debate differences of understanding, without threatening the unity that is worked by Christ himself.

Reformation: a changing Perception of Marriage

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 377-389
Author(s):  
Nina Makarova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Martin Luther ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Mutual Assistance ◽  
Mystical Union ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Church

The article analyzes the ideas of the great reformers of the 16th century Martin Luther and John Calvin about marriage as the most important social institution. Luther's doctrine of the "earthly institution" of marriage and Calvin's doctrine of the marriage covenant had been shaped under the influence of their criticism of the Roman Catholic Church's position on marriage. Catholics considered marriage to be inferior to celibacy. The Church forbade marriage for monks and priests, and also prevented many lay people from getting married on the basis of prohibitions regarding religion, consanguinity, and guardianship. Since the Church considered marriage to be one of the seven sacraments that imparted grace to spouses and symbolized the mystical union of God and the Church, the marriage union was considered indissoluble. If the spouses were unhappy in their marriage, then they could get permission only for a separate living, but not for divorce. The reformers shifted the emphasis from the sacramentality of marriage to its social significance. They emphasized that marriage is the first institution in terms of importance in comparison with the Church and the state. The institution of matrimony is able to provide an example of relationships based on love, trust and mutual assistance, and the family is not only a means of population reproduction, it educates future citizens and members of the Church. The views of Martin Luther and John Calvin have had a decisive influence on Western European views on marriage, family and parenting. The article analyzes the ideas of the great reformers of the 16th century Martin Luther and John Calvin about marriage as the most important social institution. Luther's doctrine of the "earthly institution" of marriage and Calvin's doctrine of the marriage covenant had been shaped under the influence of their criticism of the Roman Catholic Church's position on marriage. Catholics considered marriage to be inferior to celibacy. The Church forbade marriage for monks and priests, and also prevented many lay people from getting married on the basis of prohibitions regarding religion, consanguinity, and guardianship. Since the Church considered marriage to be one of the seven sacraments that imparted grace to spouses and symbolized the mystical union of God and the Church, the marriage union was considered indissoluble. If the spouses were unhappy in their marriage, then they could get permission only for a separate living, but not for divorce. The reformers shifted the emphasis from the sacramentality of marriage to its social significance. They emphasized that marriage is the first institution in terms of importance in comparison with the Church and the state. The institution of matrimony is able to provide an example of relationships based on love, trust and mutual assistance, and the family is not only a means of population reproduction, it educates future citizens and members of the Church. The views of Martin Luther and John Calvin have had a decisive influence on Western European views on marriage, family and parenting.

scholarly journals Richard Laurence Millington Synge, 28 October 1914 - 18 August 1994

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 455-479 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Henry Viii ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Art Gallery ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Art Collection ◽  
The Family ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Church

There is no doubt that Dick Synge was a very exceptional person. According to his family, this first showed itself in the memory of an event, which occurred when he was only fifteen months old, when he was allowed to play with the gravel outside the church during the christening of his sister. The Synge family consisted of two branches, one of which, the Irish Synges, contained the famous playwright, J.M. Synge. They trace their ancestry back to a Thomas Millington also called Singe of Bridgenorth (born ca . 1500). The English Synges were also certainly present in Bridgenorth in the early 16th century. The Irish and the English Synges are known to have been in touch with one another in the 18th century. The English Synges remained as fairly prominent citizens of Bridgenorth until the late 19th century. Both branches of the family used the name Millington as a Christian name. For unknown reasons the spelling of his surname, Sing or Synge, varied. Family legend has it that the origin of the name Millington, which was used by both branches of the family as a Christian name, was that they had lived at Millington Hall in the parish of Rostherne (Cheshire). Because a member of the family sang so beautifully before King Henry VIII he was told to take the name of Singe. One of Dick Synge’s great uncles, born in 1863 and always known as ‘Uncle Millington’, became Warden of St Edwards School, Oxford. Among Synge’s recent ancestors was his grandmother who was a Thornely. All the Thornelys were mildly academic and quietly eccentric or unconventional in one way or another, so that Synge is thought to have inherited much from them, even including his height. Two generations further back was William Roscoe, M.R, who helped to abolish slavery and whose art collection still forms the nucleus of the Walker Art Gallery; he also founded the Liverpool Botanic Gardens. Synge came from a distinguished family which included his grandfather, A.M. Sing, who was President of the Liverpool Athenaeum and a Governor of the Liverpool Collegiate School.

scholarly journals David Henry Smyth, 9 February 1908 - 10 September 1979

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 524-561 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Karl Marx ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Teachers Union ◽  
National School ◽  
The Family ◽  
The University ◽  
Great Energy ◽  
General Secretary ◽  
The Church

David Smyth was a leading authority on intestinal absorption. He will be remembered too for his book Alternatives to animal experiments (216). David left us the following note on his background and early life: ‘I was born on 9 February 1908 at 25 Seymour St, Lisburn, Co. Antrim. My father was Joseph Smyth whose family were farmers in Co. Cavan. He was the only one of the family who did not stay on the farm. He became a school teacher and was trained in the old Kildare Street Training College in Dublin. His first post was in Co. Cavan. Later he taught possibly in Belfast, then in Drum beg, and a few years before I was born went to be Headmaster of the Nicholson Memorial National School in Lisburn. He was obviously a man of some drive and energy, for he had a B.A. from the Royal University of Ireland and an external B.Sc. from the University of London. The practical examinations for the latter had to be taken at South Kensington, and for this purpose he had one day’s leave—travelling to London by night on the old Greenore-Holyhead route and returning the next night. He had a good library of arts and science books, and one about Karl Marx which was not popular reading in his youth. He was born in 1874. He was a man of great energy for he kept all the Church accounts for many years and was the founder and guiding spirit and general secretary of the U.T.U. (Ulster Teachers Union). Previously he had been in the I.N.T.O. (Irish National Teachers’ Organization), and the U.T.U. was founded after the division of Ireland.

The Apuntaciones Of Modesto de la Torre: Mexican Nationalism as Seen by a Spanish Military Officer, 1821–1822

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-528
Author(s):  
Claudia Guarisco
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Military Officer ◽  
The People ◽  
Mexican Nationalism ◽  
Overseas Territories ◽  
The University

In the Mendel Collection at the Lilly Library at the University of Indiana, Bloomington, is an unpublished diary of over 400 pages written by a Spanish soldier during his voyage from Spain to New Spain, and his return voyage to the Iberian Peninsula, between May 30, 1821, and May 17, 1822. The document is titled Apuntaciones que en su viaje a ultramar ha tomado el oficial de infantería Modesto de la Torre (Notes Written by Infantry Officer Modesto de la Torre During His Voyage Overseas). Lieutenant De la Torre was part of the delegation that accompanied General Juan O'Donojú when he assumed the position of captain-general and chief policy officer of New Spain, the highest-ranking office in Spain's overseas territories, following the reinstatement of die Constitution of Cádiz in 1820. The diary discusses a wide variety of topics, including the defeat of the Royalist army at Puerto Cabello (Carabobo, Venezuela) and the subsequent exodus of loyalist officers and troops to Havana. The diary also presents portraits of the people, cities, villages, towns, and flora and fauna that the lieutenant saw during his journey.

scholarly journals Neuzeitliche Kolonialismen: Das Kolonialreich Spanien. Der Aufstieg des spanischen Kolonialreiches an der Wende zur Frühen Neuzeit

2016 ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Lisa-Marie Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
New World ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
World History ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Spanish Colonialism ◽  
The Impact

The following seminar-paper deals with the early modern colonialism by the example of the Spanish Empire. In this context the paper works on the question how and why the formerly small kingdom Castile-Aragón was successful in conquering the so called ‘new world’ and as a result in establishing one of the largest empires from global extent in world history from the 15th to the 16th century. Therefor the paper examines the conditions on the Iberian Peninsula at that time as well as the backgrounds of the oversea-conquest, including the impact on the indigenous population, to finally clarify the question of how the spanish colonialism was designed.

Democracy in Transition

1935 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Shepard
Keyword(s):  
Collective Behavior ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Political Action ◽  
The State ◽  
Behavior Patterns ◽  
The Family ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
The University ◽  
The Church

Any civilization may be reduced to two factors, a system of institutions and a system of ideas. By institutions we merely mean collective behavior patterns, the ways in which a community carries on the innumerable activities of social life. The church, the market, the family, the learned society, the trade union, the university, are examples of institutions. We often attribute a personality to such behavior patterns, clothe them with the attributes of a personal will, mind, and purpose; but such attribution is sheer fiction, the product of a purely imaginative process. Institutions are merely behavior patterns—they are nothing else. Government is an institution or a set of institutions. Society achieves certain results through collective political action. The means that it uses are the behavior patterns which we call courts, legislative bodies, commissions, electorates, administration. We idealize these institutions collectively and personify them in the State. But this idealization is pure fancy. The State as a juristic or ideal person is the veriest fiction. It is real only as a collective name for governmental institutions.

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