scholarly journals Technological Development and the Labour Market: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Automation in Hungary in the International Comparison?

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Miklós Illéssy ◽  
Ákos Huszár ◽  
Csaba Makó
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
International Comparison ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
The Us ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
Analyse Data

In our study, we analyse data from the Hungarian Microcensus (2016) in order to map the proportion of Hungarian jobs threatened by the spread of automation. In doing so, we use the internationally well-known methodology of Carl Benedict Frey and Michael A. Osborne who estimated the probability of computerization for 702 occupations. The analysis was then repeated by Panarinen and Rouvinen for the Finnish labour market by converting the probabilities defined for the US occupational statistics to the European International Standard Classification of Occupations. Similar calculations were conducted for the Swedish and Norwegian labour markets. According to our results, almost every second Hungarian employee (44%) works in a job that is threatened by the development of digital technologies. The same ratio is 47% in the US and 53% in Sweden, while it is much lower in Finland (35%) and Norway (33%). It is especially alarming that 13% of the Hungarian workforce (i.e., almost 600,000 employees) works in an occupation where the probability of computerization is above 95%, while the number of those working in occupations where the same ratio is above 90% exceeds one million (i.e., 25% of the total Hungarian labour force). Diving deeper into the analysis, we can state that those with higher educational qualifications are more likely to work in an occupation that is more protected against computerization. Overall, there are no significant differences in the probability of computerization by gender; however, women are over-represented in the most endangered occupations.

The effect of immigration on natives’ task specialisation: the case of Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 939-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Sebastian ◽  
Magdalena Ulceluse
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Displacement Effect ◽  
Content Type ◽  
European Working ◽  
Task Reallocation ◽  
Manual Tasks

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the effect of an increase in the relative supply of immigrants on natives’ task reallocation, with a focus on Germany. Specifically, it investigates whether natives, as a response to increased immigration, re-specialise in communication-intensive occupations, where they arguably have a comparative advantage due to language proficiency. Design/methodology/approach The analysis uses regional data from the German Labour Force Survey between 2002 and 2014. To derive data on job tasks requirements, it employs the US Department of Labor’s O*NET database, the results of which are tested through a sensitivity analysis using the European Working Condition Survey and the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies data sets. Findings The paper finds that indeed German workers respond to increasing immigration by shifting their task supply and providing more communication relative to manual tasks. Importantly, the decrease in the supply of communication tasks is stronger and more robust than the increase in the supply of manual tasks, pointing to a potential displacement effect taking place between natives and immigrants, alongside task reallocation. This would suggest that countries with relatively more rigid labour markets are less responsive to immigration shocks. Moreover, it suggests that labour market rigidity can minimise the gains from immigration and exacerbate employment effects. Originality/value The paper not only investigates task reallocation as a result of immigration in a different institutional context and labour market functioning, but the results feed into broader policy and scholarly discussions on the effects of immigration, including questions about how the institutional context affects labour market adjustment to immigration, worker occupational mobility in a more rigid labour markets and the fine balance needed between flexibility and rigidity.

scholarly journals Explaining Inconsistencies in the Education Distributions of Ten Cross-National Surveys – the Role of Methodological Survey Characteristics

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-409
Author(s):  
Verena Ortmanns
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
The European Union ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
Specific Education ◽  
Predominant Effect ◽  
Cross National

AbstractSurveys measuring the same concept using the same measure on the same population at the same point in time should result in highly similar results. If this is not the case, this is a strong sign of lacking reliability, resulting in non-comparable data across surveys. Looking at the education variable, previous research has identified inconsistencies in the distributions of harmonised education variables, using the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), across surveys within the same countries and years. These inconsistencies are commonly explained by differences in the measurement, especially in the response categories of the education question, and in the harmonisation when classifying country-specific education categories into ISCED. However, other methodological characteristics of surveys, which we regard as ‘containers’ for several characteristics, may also contribute to this finding. We compare the education distributions of nine cross-national surveys with the European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS), which is used as benchmark. This study analyses 15 survey characteristics to better explain the inconsistencies. The results confirm a predominant effect of the measurement instrument and harmonisation. Different sampling designs also explain inconsistencies, but to a lesser degree. Finally, we discuss the results and limitations of the study and provide ideas for improving data comparability.

scholarly journals Digital technologies, employment, and skills

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Reljic ◽  
Rinaldo Evangelista ◽  
Mario Pianta
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Intermediate Inputs ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Standard Classification ◽  
The Uk ◽  
European Economies

Abstract This article investigates the relationship between the diffusion of digital technologies, employment, and skills. The empirical analysis is carried out on industry-level data of six major European economies (Germany, France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK) over the 2009–2014 period. We analyze two dimensions of digitalization: industries’ consumption of intermediate inputs from digitally intensive sectors and investment in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tangible and intangible assets, considering also patterns of demand, education, technological change, and offshoring. The results show that job creation in industries is positively associated with an increasing share of digital goods and services in total intermediate inputs and is negatively linked with processes of ICT capital deepening. We then explore how these two different patterns of digitalization are related to the evolution of four occupational groups—managers, clerks, craft, and Manual workers, defined on the basis of International Standard Classification of Occupations classes—finding a positive link between ICT consumption and managerial jobs, and negative ones between digital variables and mid-skill occupations.

scholarly journals When two (or more) do not equal one: an analysis of the changing nature of multiple and single jobholding in Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 102425892110026
Author(s):  
Wieteke Conen ◽  
Paul de Beer
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Economic Vulnerability ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

The scope and structure of multiple jobholding and its consequences for multiple jobholders are changing in many Western economies. Only limited quantitative empirical knowledge is currently available on the changing features of multiple jobholding and whether the economic vulnerability of multiple jobholders has been changing over time. In this article we focus on the position and trends of multiple jobholders compared with single jobholders in Europe. We study this in terms of working hours, workers’ desire to work more hours, and in-work poverty. To that end, we analyse data since the early 2000s from the EU Labour Force Survey and from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions. Our findings show that multiple jobholding is a significant and increasing labour market phenomenon in many advanced economies, with changing characteristics, for example in terms of gender distribution and combinations of contracts. In-work poverty is relatively high among non-standard workers, but the findings do not indicate a deteriorating trend effect. In-work poverty seems to be on the rise among people who are single, for both single jobholders and multiple jobholders.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Crisis and Some Contours of the Rural Labour Market in India

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946622110238
Author(s):  
Shantanu De Roy ◽  
Mampi Bose
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Informal Workers ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Counterpart ◽  
Gender Groups

Indian labour markets are segmented based on caste, gender groups, region, types of workers and types of contractual arrangements. An important feature of the labour markets in India, notwithstanding intersectionalities across segments, is greater access to high-quality work with social security benefits to the privileged sections of the society as compared to the socially oppressed sections, including women. The latter dominate in low-quality, less stable and insecure work in the informal sector.The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures have increased the vulnerability of the informal workers, including the migrant workers. The article analyses the features of rural and urban labour markets, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, that had contributed to vulnerability of the workforce. The analysis was based on the National Statistical Office ( NSO, 2020 )—Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) database of 2018–2019, NSSO (2014)—Report of the Situation of Agricultural Households in India, NSSO (2014)—Employment and Unemployment Survey, Labour Bureau, and the Economic Survey of India. It also analyses the impacts of the pandemic on the rural labour market based on the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) database. Our analysis reveals that the rural labour market in India was more adversely affected by the lockdown measures than the urban counterpart. In the rural areas, there was collapse of non-farm employment and increased participation in agricultural work was largely an outcome of distress. Furthermore, reverse migration of workers had led to sharp decline in remittances, particularly in the eastern Indian states that are largely agrarian and poor. The article advocates policy initiatives that include expansion of the rural employment programmes for providing relief to the poor and working population in India.

scholarly journals Russian-Speaking Immigrants in Post-Soviet Estonia: Towards Generation Fragmentation or Integration in Estonian Society

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellu Saar ◽  
Siim Krusell ◽  
Jelena Helemae
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Immigrant Integration ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Occupational Position ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Second Generation Immigrants

The disadvantages experienced by immigrants in education and labour markets have been of growing concern in many countries in recent years. However, little research has been undertaken on ethnic inequalities in labour markets in Eastern Europe, and especially in post-Soviet societies. This article considers the integration of the immigrant population into the labour market in post-Soviet Estonia, where the context and peculiarities of the arrived population are quite different from the assumptions of Western immigrant integration theories. The Russian-speaking population arrived in Estonia after World War II as internal migrants, because Estonia was part of the Soviet Union. A remarkably high proportion of them were well educated. After Estonia regained its independence in 1991, the context of integration changed radically, and the legal status of internal Soviet Union migrants was redefined. To account for these societal and political changes, we suggest making an analytical distinction between generations of immigrants in a demographic sense (being born in Estonia) and an integrational sense (becoming an integral part of the host society, in the labour market - having more similar patterns to those of the native population in the context of labour market outcomes). This distinction impacts differently on different age cohorts and we analysed outcomes of labour market integration alongside both nativity generations and age cohorts. Our analysis based on the 2011-2013 Labour Force Surveys shows that, while in most Western countries there are tendencies of convergence between natives and second-generation immigrants regarding structural integration, in Estonia the dynamics are different. The net disadvantage of young second-generation immigrants relative to their Estonian counterparts is either more pronounced compared to the disadvantage of their ‘parents’ age cohort relative to their Estonian peers (with regard to the risks of unemployment or chances of obtaining a high occupational position) or becoming less pronounced, but only for the highly educated portion of second generations (in terms of self-assessed over-education).

scholarly journals Labour market regulation as global social policy: The case of nursing labour markets in Oman

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal A. Ennis ◽  
Margaret Walton-Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Skilled Migration ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Migration Policies

This article examines global social policy formation in the area of skilled migration, with a focus on the Gulf Arab region. Across the globe, migration governance presents challenges to multiple levels of authority; its complexity crosses many scales and involves a multitude of actors with diverse interests. Despite this jurisdictional complexity, migration remains one of the most staunchly defended realms of sovereign policy control. Building on global social policy literature, this article examines how ‘domestic’ labour migration policies reflect the entanglement of multiple states’ and agencies’ interests. Such entanglements result in what we characterize as a ‘multiplex system’, where skilled-migration policies are formed within, and shaped by, globalized policy spaces. To illustrate, we examine policies that shape the nursing labour market in Oman during a period when the state aims to transition from dependence on an expatriate to an increasingly nationalized labour force. Engaging a case-study methodology including a survey of migrant healthcare workers, semi-structured interviews and data analysis, we find that nursing labour markets in Oman represent an example of global policy formation due to the interaction of domestic and expatriate labour policies and provisioning systems. The transnational structuring of policy making that emerges reflects a contingent process marked by conflicting outcomes. We contend that Oman’s nursing labour market is an example of new spaces where global social policies emerge from the tension of competing national state and market interests.

scholarly journals Women’s Economic Inactivity and Age. Analysis of the Situation in Poland and the EU

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (338) ◽  
pp. 57-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Matuszewska-Janica
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Geographical Differences ◽  
Reasons For Staying ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Eu

The group of economically inactive women is heavily diversified. The reasons for staying outside the labour market are the important factors that differentiate this group. They depend on the age or level of education among others. In addition, there is great geographical heterogeneity of the reasons for economic inactivity. Hence, two questions arise. Firstly, how significant is the geograph­ical diversity of the reasons for staying outside the labour market in the European Union? Secondly, have these geographical differences been changing over time? The main aim of the analysis is the classification of the EU countries taking into consideration reasons for women’s economic inactivity in different age groups. The analysis is carried out applying descriptive statistics and the k‑means method. The data are taken from the publicly available Eurostat’s Labour Force Survey datasets. The study of general tendencies in women’s economic inactivity covers the years 2000–2016. In turn, cluster analysis was carried out for data from 2006, 2010 and 2014. The obtained results confirmed significant diversity of the EU states. In addition, this geographical diversity has been changing over time. We receive the greatest similarity of classification obtained for different periods for the 50–64 age group and the smallest for the 25–49 age group. Moreover, there are noticeable tendencies of a significant decrease in the share of the economically inactive in the group of the oldest individuals (aged 50–64) in the sample. On the other hand, in the youngest group (individuals aged under 25), there are opposite tendencies observed – the share of those who remain outside the labour market increases.

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