scholarly journals Low-Voltage DC-DC Converter for IoT and On-Chip Energy Harvester Applications

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 5721
Author(s):  
Miroslav Potocny ◽  
Martin Kovac ◽  
Daniel Arbet ◽  
Michal Sovcik ◽  
Lukas Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Power Saving ◽  
Charge Pump ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Voltage Divider ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Power Management Unit

The power saving issue and clean energy harvesting for wireless and cost-affordable electronics (e.g., IoT applications, sensor nodes or medical implants), have recently become attractive research topics. With this in mind, the paper addresses one of the most important parts of the energy conversion system chain – the power management unit. The core of such a unit will be formed by an inductorless, low-voltage DC-DC converter based on the cross-coupled dynamic-threshold charge pump topology. The charge pump utilizes a power-efficient ON/OFF regulation feedback loop, specially designed for strict low-voltage start-up conditions by a driver booster. Taken together, they serve as the masters to control the charge pump output (up to 600 mV), depending on the voltage value produced by a renewable energy source available in the environment. The low-power feature is also ensured by a careful design of the hysteresis-based bulk-driven comparator and fully integrated switched-capacitor voltage divider, omitting the static power consumption. The presented converter can also employ the on-chip RF-based energy harvester for use in a wireless power transfer system.

scholarly journals PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF VOLTAGE RECTIFIERS FOR ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Atif Sardar Khan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Portable Devices ◽  
Dc Voltage ◽  
Voltage Multiplier ◽  
Optimum Load ◽  
Voltage Output

Voltage multipliers are used to convert the low AC voltage output of energy harvesters into relatively high DC voltage for portable devices and wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) applications. DC voltage conversion is required to operate an electronic device or recharge battery. In order, to convert the low AC voltage output of the energy harvester into relatively high DC voltage, a voltage multiplier circuit need to be integrated with the energy harvester. In this study, a Prototype-1 (two-stages) and Prototype-2 (three-stage) Dickson voltage multipliers and Prototype-3 (seven-stage) Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier circuits are developed. The device is capable of converting a low voltage of 50 mV into 350 mV. The research focuses on the development and characterization of Prototype-1, Prototype-2 and Prototype-3 circuits. Results indicate that the determination of load resistance is important for better output power. The maximum power of 11.97 μW was obtained by prototype-3 elucidating better power compared to prototype-1 and prototype-2 and the power was obtained at an optimum load of 560 kΩ. Furthermore, a rectenna tested at different distances from the source, revealed that a prototype-2 produced a maximum power of 3.01 × 10 -6 μW, at an optimum load of 560 kΩ.

On-chip high voltage charge pump in standard low voltage CMOS process

2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (15) ◽  
pp. 840 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Hasan ◽  
T. Lehmann ◽  
C.Y. Kwok
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Charge Pump ◽  
Cmos Process ◽  
On Chip

scholarly journals Plant Microbial Fuel Cells–Based Energy Harvester System for Self-powered IoT Applications

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith Osorio de la Rosa ◽  
Javier Vázquez Castillo ◽  
Mario Carmona Campos ◽  
Gliserio Barbosa Pool ◽  
Guillermo Becerra Nuñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cells ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Self Powered ◽  
A Current

The emergence of modern technologies, such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), the Internet-of-Things (IoT), and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, involves the use of batteries, which pose a serious environmental risk, with billions of batteries disposed of every year. However, the combination of sensors and wireless communication devices is extremely power-hungry. Energy Harvesting (EH) is fundamental in enabling the use of low-power electronic devices that derive their energy from external sources, such as Microbial Fuel Cells (MFC), solar power, thermal and kinetic energy, among others. Plant Microbial Fuel Cell (PMFC) is a prominent clean energy source and a step towards the development of self-powered systems in indoor and outdoor environments. One of the main challenges with PMFCs is the dynamic power supply, dynamic charging rates and low-energy supply. In this paper, a PMFC-based energy harvester system is proposed for the implementation of autonomous self-powered sensor nodes with IoT and cloud-based service communication protocols. The PMFC design is specifically adapted with the proposed EH circuit for the implementation of IoT-WSN based applications. The PMFC-EH system has a maximum power point at 0.71 V, a current density of 5 mA cm − 2 , and a power density of 3.5 mW cm − 2 with a single plant. Considering a sensor node with a current consumption of 0.35 mA, the PMFC-EH green energy system allows a power autonomy for real-time data processing of IoT-based low-power WSN systems.

scholarly journals Ultracompact and low-power-consumption silicon thermo-optic switch for high-speed data

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 937-945
Author(s):  
Ruihuan Zhang ◽  
Yu He ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Shaohua An ◽  
Qingming Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Telecommunication Networks ◽  
Low Power Consumption ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
High Speed Data ◽  
On Chip

AbstractUltracompact and low-power-consumption optical switches are desired for high-performance telecommunication networks and data centers. Here, we demonstrate an on-chip power-efficient 2 × 2 thermo-optic switch unit by using a suspended photonic crystal nanobeam structure. A submilliwatt switching power of 0.15 mW is obtained with a tuning efficiency of 7.71 nm/mW in a compact footprint of 60 μm × 16 μm. The bandwidth of the switch is properly designed for a four-level pulse amplitude modulation signal with a 124 Gb/s raw data rate. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed switch is the most power-efficient resonator-based thermo-optic switch unit with the highest tuning efficiency and data ever reported.

scholarly journals 1.0 V-0.18 µm CMOS Tunable Low Pass Filters with 73 dB DR for On-Chip Sensing Acquisition Systems

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 563
Author(s):  
Jorge Pérez-Bailón ◽  
Belén Calvo ◽  
Nicolás Medrano
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Cutoff Frequency ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Active Area ◽  
Current Steering ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Low Pass Filters

This paper presents a new approach based on the use of a Current Steering (CS) technique for the design of fully integrated Gm–C Low Pass Filters (LPF) with sub-Hz to kHz tunable cut-off frequencies and an enhanced power-area-dynamic range trade-off. The proposed approach has been experimentally validated by two different first-order single-ended LPFs designed in a 0.18 µm CMOS technology powered by a 1.0 V single supply: a folded-OTA based LPF and a mirrored-OTA based LPF. The first one exhibits a constant power consumption of 180 nW at 100 nA bias current with an active area of 0.00135 mm2 and a tunable cutoff frequency that spans over 4 orders of magnitude (~100 mHz–152 Hz @ CL = 50 pF) preserving dynamic figures greater than 78 dB. The second one exhibits a power consumption of 1.75 µW at 500 nA with an active area of 0.0137 mm2 and a tunable cutoff frequency that spans over 5 orders of magnitude (~80 mHz–~1.2 kHz @ CL = 50 pF) preserving a dynamic range greater than 73 dB. Compared with previously reported filters, this proposal is a competitive solution while satisfying the low-voltage low-power on-chip constraints, becoming a preferable choice for general-purpose reconfigurable front-end sensor interfaces.

scholarly journals Starter for Voltage Boost Converter to Harvest Thermoelectric Energy for Body-Worn Sensors

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4092
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Blakiewicz ◽  
Jacek Jakusz ◽  
Waldemar Jendernalik
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Voltage ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Boost Converter ◽  
Mos Transistors ◽  
Weak Inversion ◽  
Thermoelectric Energy ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Voltage Swing ◽  
High Output Voltage ◽  
High Output

This paper examines the suitability of selected configurations of ultra-low voltage (ULV) oscillators as starters for a voltage boost converter to harvest energy from a thermoelectric generator (TEG). Important properties of particularly promising configurations, suitable for on-chip implementation are compared. On this basis, an improved oscillator with a low startup voltage and a high output voltage swing is proposed. The applicability of n-channel native MOS transistors with negative or near-zero threshold voltage in ULV oscillators is analyzed. The results demonstrate that a near-zero threshold voltage transistor operating in the weak inversion region is most advantageous for the considered application. The obtained results were used as a reference for design of a boost converter starter intended for integration in 180-nm CMOS X-FAB technology. In the selected technology, the most suitable transistor available with a negative threshold voltage was used. Despite using a transistor with a negative threshold voltage, a low startup voltage of 29 mV, a power consumption of 70 µW, and power conversion efficiency of about 1.5% were achieved. A great advantage of the proposed starter is that it eliminates a multistage charge pump necessary to obtain a voltage of sufficient value to supply the boost converter control circuit.

scholarly journals A Low Power AC/DC Interface for Wind-Powered Sensor Nodes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1823
Author(s):  
Mohammad Haidar ◽  
Hussein Chible ◽  
Corrado Boragno ◽  
Daniele D. Caviglia
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Constant Voltage ◽  
Interface Circuit ◽  
Switching Converter ◽  
Input Signals

Sensor nodes have been assigned a lot of tasks in a connected environment that is growing rapidly. The power supply remains a challenge that is not answered convincingly. Energy harvesting is an emerging solution that is being studied to integrate in low power applications such as internet of things (IoT) and wireless sensor networks (WSN). In this work an interface circuit for a novel fluttering wind energy harvester is presented. The system consists of a switching converter controlled by a low power microcontroller. Optimization techniques on the hardware and software level have been implemented, and a prototype is developed for testing. Experiments have been done with generated input signals resulting in up to 67% efficiency for a constant voltage input. Other experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel that showed a transient output that is compatible with the target applications.

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