scholarly journals Single Photon Avalanche Diode Arrays for Time-Resolved Raman Spectroscopy

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4287
Author(s):  
Francesca Madonini ◽  
Federica Villa
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Avalanche Diode ◽  
Chip Processing ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Scale Difference ◽  
Key Aspects

The detection of peaks shifts in Raman spectroscopy enables a fingerprint reconstruction to discriminate among molecules with neither labelling nor sample preparation. Time-resolved Raman spectroscopy is an effective technique to reject the strong fluorescence background that profits from the time scale difference in the two responses: Raman photons are scattered almost instantaneously while fluorescence shows a nanoseconds time constant decay. The combination of short laser pulses with time-gated detectors enables the collection of only those photons synchronous with the pulse, thus rejecting fluorescent ones. This review addresses time-gating issues from the sensor standpoint and identifies single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays as the most suitable single-photon detectors to be rapidly and precisely time-gated without bulky, complex, or expensive setups. At first, we discuss the requirements for ideal Raman SPAD arrays, particularly focusing on the design guidelines for optimized on-chip processing electronics. Then we present some existing SPAD-based architectures, featuring specific operation modes which can be usefully exploited for Raman spectroscopy. Finally, we highlight key aspects for future ultrafast Raman platforms and highly integrated sensors capable of undistorted identification of Raman peaks across many pixels.

scholarly journals Single-photon avalanche diode imagers in biophotonics: review and outlook

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Bruschini ◽  
Harald Homulle ◽  
Ivan Michel Antolovic ◽  
Samuel Burri ◽  
Edoardo Charbon
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Avalanche Diode ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy

Abstract Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are solid-state detectors that offer imaging capabilities at the level of individual photons, with unparalleled photon counting and time-resolved performance. This fascinating technology has progressed at a very fast pace in the past 15 years, since its inception in standard CMOS technology in 2003. A host of architectures have been investigated, ranging from simpler implementations, based solely on off-chip data processing, to progressively “smarter” sensors including on-chip, or even pixel level, time-stamping and processing capabilities. As the technology has matured, a range of biophotonics applications have been explored, including (endoscopic) FLIM, (multibeam multiphoton) FLIM-FRET, SPIM-FCS, super-resolution microscopy, time-resolved Raman spectroscopy, NIROT and PET. We will review some representative sensors and their corresponding applications, including the most relevant challenges faced by chip designers and end-users. Finally, we will provide an outlook on the future of this fascinating technology.

scholarly journals The time-resolved hard X-ray diffraction endstation KMC-3 XPP at BESSY II

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Rössle ◽  
Wolfram Leitenberger ◽  
Matthias Reinhardt ◽  
Azize Koç ◽  
Jan Pudell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storage Ring ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Laser System ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Pixel Detector ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Optical Pump ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray

The time-resolved hard X-ray diffraction endstation KMC-3 XPP for optical pump/X-ray probe experiments at the electron storage ring BESSY II is dedicated to investigating the structural response of thin film samples and heterostructures after their excitation with ultrashort laser pulses and/or electric field pulses. It enables experiments with access to symmetric and asymmetric Bragg reflections via a four-circle diffractometer and it is possible to keep the sample in high vacuum and vary the sample temperature between ∼15 K and 350 K. The femtosecond laser system permanently installed at the beamline allows for optical excitation of the sample at 1028 nm. A non-linear optical setup enables the sample excitation also at 514 nm and 343 nm. A time-resolution of 17 ps is achieved with the `low-α' operation mode of the storage ring and an electronic variation of the delay between optical pump and hard X-ray probe pulse conveniently accesses picosecond to microsecond timescales. Direct time-resolved detection of the diffracted hard X-ray synchrotron pulses use a gated area pixel detector or a fast point detector in single photon counting mode. The range of experiments that are reliably conducted at the endstation and that detect structural dynamics of samples excited by laser pulses or electric fields are presented.

scholarly journals Ultrafast F2− photodissociation by intense laser pulses: a time-resolved fragment imaging study

2019 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 09012
Author(s):  
Abhishek Shahi ◽  
Yishai Albeck ◽  
Daniel Strasser
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Intense Laser ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Intense Field ◽  
Intense Laser Pulses ◽  
Ultrafast Pulses ◽  
Coincidence Imaging ◽  
Field Dissociation

We present time-resolved coincidence imaging of F2− photodissociation by 400nm and intense 800nm ultrafast pulses. Coincidence fragment imaging reveals parallel and perpendicular single photon dissociation on 2Σg+ and 2πg states, and additional intense-field dissociation features.

scholarly journals Fast single-photon avalanche diode arrays for laser Raman spectroscopy

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (18) ◽  
pp. 3672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordana Blacksberg ◽  
Yuki Maruyama ◽  
Edoardo Charbon ◽  
George R. Rossman
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Laser Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Avalanche Diode ◽  
Laser Raman

scholarly journals Time-Resolved Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy up to 1700 nm by Means of a Time-Gated InGaAs/InP Single-Photon Avalanche Diode

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 944-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilaria Bargigia ◽  
Alberto Tosi ◽  
Andrea Bahgat Shehata ◽  
Adriano Della Frera ◽  
Andrea Farina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Spectroscopy ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy ◽  
Avalanche Diode
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