scholarly journals Opportunities and Possibilities of Developing an Advanced Precision Spraying System for Tree Fruits

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3262
Author(s):  
Md Sultan Mahmud ◽  
Azlan Zahid ◽  
Long He ◽  
Phillip Martin
Keyword(s):  
Travel Speed ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Spraying Parameters ◽  
World Food Supply ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Tree Fruits ◽  
Precision Spraying

Reducing risk from pesticide applications has been gaining serious attention in the last few decades due to the significant damage to human health, environment, and ecosystems. Pesticide applications are an essential part of current agriculture, enhancing cultivated crop productivity and quality and preventing losses of up to 45% of the world food supply. However, inappropriate and excessive use of pesticides is a major rising concern. Precision spraying addresses these concerns by precisely and efficiently applying pesticides to the target area and substantially reducing pesticide usage while maintaining efficacy at preventing crop losses. This review provides a systematic summary of current technologies used for precision spraying in tree fruits and highlights their potential, briefly discusses factors affecting spraying parameters, and concludes with possible solutions to reduce excessive agrochemical uses. We conclude there is a critical need for appropriate sensing techniques that can accurately detect the target. In addition, air jet velocity, travel speed, wind speed and direction, droplet size, and canopy characteristics need to be considered for successful droplet deposition by the spraying system. Assessment of terrain is important when field elevation has significant variability. Control of airflow during spraying is another important parameter that needs to be considered. Incorporation of these variables in precision spraying systems will optimize spray decisions and help reduce excessive agrochemical applications.

Trace elements in the system “soil-plants” and optimization of their use in agrocenoses of the Omsk Irtysh Land

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-61
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Azarenko
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Geochemical Zoning ◽  
Effi Ciency ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
High Boron ◽  
Zonal Soil

The data on the content and reserves of trace elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Mo, B) in soils, reveals patterns of their distribution and quantitative characteristics of relationships in the “soil-plants” system in agrocenoses of the Omsk Irtysh Land have been systematized in the article. The assessment of trace elements in soils and plants has been carried out from the ecological and agrochemical positions. The peculiarities of the intake and accumulation of trace elements in plants depending on zonal soil and climatic conditions have been revealed. Indicators for evaluating the potential of trace elements entering plants have been proposed, and its comparison for diff erent trace elements in the “soil-microfertilizerplant” system has been given. The use of this indicator in calculating and normalizing fertilizer doses and predicting the accumulation of trace elements in plants has been justified. The regularities of the distribution and shape of boron in diff erent types of soils of saline complexes have been studied. For the fi rst time a comprehensive assessment of the effect of high boron concentrations on crop productivity was carried out. A system of indicators for diagnosing the toxic eff ect of the element on plants and a scale of their borostability has been developed. The factors affecting the intake of boron in plants and their resistance to excess of the element have been revealed. Quantitative parameters of the eff ect of chemical reclamation on the boron content in the “soil-meliorant-plants” system have been obtained. The scheme of soil-geochemical zoning of the territory of the Omsk region reflecting the availability of trace elements in the soil has been developed. New data on the availability of trace elements in the main arable soils of the surveyed territory have been presented. The values of optimal levels of trace elements for agricultural crops were corrected. The economic and bioenergetic effi ciency of methods for optimizing plant nutrition with trace elements under the environments of agrocenoses of the Omsk Irtysh Land have been revealed.

Factors of yield determination in faba bean (Vicia faba)

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najeeb H. Alharbi ◽  
Kedar N. Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Yield Determination

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is an important cool-season legume crop that ranks fourth after chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris L.) in terms of total production. The global production of faba bean was 4.8 Mt in 2017, with China, Ethiopia and Australia being the largest producers (1.8, 0.93 and 0.37 Mt, respectively). However, its area of production is not increasing relative to other crops, mainly because of high yield instability. This can be attributed to several factors related to plant traits (e.g. phenology, morpho-physiology) and biotic and abiotic stresses. Faba bean has a very poor flower:pod ratio, with a maximum 20% of flowers resulting in pods. Environmental stresses such as frost, heat and drought cause significant damage to flowers and young pods; therefore, matching phenology of crops to the environment is important for avoiding or minimising detrimental effects of unfavourable environmental conditions. In order to improve adaptation and yield, we need to understand the main factors affecting plant growth, including biotic stresses, identify the main yield components, and find traits associated with tolerance to frost, heat and drought.

scholarly journals Analysis of Major Rainfall Factors Affecting Inundation Based on Observed Rainfall and Random Forest

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 301-310
Author(s):  
Hyunil Kim ◽  
Byunghyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Random Forest ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Weather System ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Impact

It is important to analyze urban floods according to uncertain rainfall patterns. This study was carried out to determine key statistical characteristics of rainfall affecting the occurrences of flooding by using observed rainfall, one- and two-dimensional hydraulic analysis models, and random forests. The target area selected was the Centum City area of Busan, where flooding occurs frequently with heavy rainfall. For analysis, the rainfall data from the Automatic Weather System (AWS) and radar observatory in the entire city of Busan were collected. Using the results from the one- and two-dimensional numerical models, the occurrence of flooding was determined according to the observed rainfall events. The random forest was used to classify the presence or absence of flooding according to the statistical characteristics of rainfall, and the importance evaluation function was applied to determine the impact of each statistical factor. The three main statistical factors of rainfall with the greatest impact on the occurrence of flooding were analyzed as the 1-hr maximum rainfall, the average rainfall, and the skewness. On the other hand, the three main factors affecting the maximum flood depth were the 3-hrs maximum rainfall, the 1-hr maximum rainfall, and the total rainfall. It is judged that the results of this study will be useful in suggesting quantitative urban flood forecasting standards when rainfall is examined in real-time by using various observation equipment.

scholarly journals Microalgae Based Sustainable Bioremediation of Water Contaminated by Pesticides

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-169
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The use of pesticides in agriculture reduces the loss of crops and increases crop productivity. Agricultural discharge into water bodies increases pesticide toxicity in water. A pesticide, when entered into water bodies, attacks non-targeting species, which disturbs the aquatic life. Because of low-cost taking, high material removal efficiency, low sludgy amount, and generated biomass for economic benefit, biological bioremediation methods are mostly preferred. Algae are used to remove pollutants from the environment or to convert them into harmless forms. Bioremediation by algae is highly preferred as biomass generated is used in biogas and biofuel production. Algae fix carbon dioxide (CO2) and release oxygen (O2) by photosynthesis and increase BOD (biological oxygen demand) in contaminated water. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the use of pesticides or dispose of them in the best manner. To be on the safer side and make our water bodies less toxic, it is necessary to make efficient water treatment arrangements. This review paper is to discuss everything about pesticides and bioremediation, the use of microalgae and fungi for the treatment of water contaminated by pesticides, and the factors affecting pesticide bioremediation.

Surface Properties of Different Travel Speeds and Powder-Feeder Rates for Plasma-Sprayed Coatings on Aluminum Substrates

2013 ◽  
Vol 717 ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Ming Der Jean ◽  
Maw Tyan Sheen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Properties ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Powder Feeder ◽  
Good Adhesive ◽  
Plasma Sprayed Coatings ◽  
Plasma Sprayed ◽  
Aluminum Substrates ◽  
Sprayed Coatings ◽  
Hardened Surface

The surface properties of plasma-sprayed partial Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 coatings with different travel speed and powder-feeder rate of sprayed gun on aluminum substrates have been reported. Several coatings analytical parameters were studied and these factors affecting coating properties were carried out in the plasma-sprayed experiments. Experimental results have shown that the structure of the sprayed coatings that makes relatively diverse in texture for most of the coatings was examined by a SEM. The hardened strength with a low level of a slant of powder-feeder rate became significantly weaker as the travel speed was decreased. Interestingly, the structure of the specimens for the travel speed of 30mm/s is more homogenous than that of the others, indicating a coating with good homogenous structures, while the interfaced structure of the specimens for the powder-feeder rate of 25 mm/s is more homogenous than that of the others, indicating a coating with good adhesive structures. The tendency of the effect of travel speed of sprayed gun on the hardened surface of coatings at powder feeder rate of sprayed gun varied to 30g/min from 20g/min seems to be apparent.

The Preliminary Study on Air-Jet Spinning Spun

2011 ◽  
Vol 138-139 ◽  
pp. 1294-1295
Author(s):  
Xiu Zhi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Structural Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Yarn Strength ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
False Twist

Air-jet spinning combines the advantages of the false twist jet spinning and open end spinning. This paper discusses the property of the air-jet spinning and the main structural factors affecting air-jet spinning yarn strength.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Excipients Used for Modified Ocular Drug Delivery

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4290
Author(s):  
Melitini Koutsoviti ◽  
Angeliki Siamidi ◽  
Panagoula Pavlou ◽  
Marilena Vlachou
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Drug Absorption ◽  
Ocular Drug Delivery ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Material Sciences ◽  
Novel Approaches

In ocular drug delivery, maintaining an efficient concentration of the drug in the target area for a sufficient period of time is a challenging task. There is a pressing need for the development of effective strategies for drug delivery to the eye using recent advances in material sciences and novel approaches to drug delivery. This review summarizes the important aspects of ocular drug delivery and the factors affecting drug absorption in the eye including encapsulating excipients (chitosan, hyaluronic acid, poloxamer, PLGA, PVCL-PVA-PEG, cetalkonium chloride, and gelatin) for modified drug delivery.

scholarly journals Effect of Droplet Size Parameters on Droplet Deposition and Drift of Aerial Spraying by Using Plant Protection UAV

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengde Chen ◽  
Yubin Lan ◽  
Zhiyan Zhou ◽  
Fan Ouyang ◽  
Guobin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Droplet Size ◽  
Drift Rate ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Droplet Deposition ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Pesticide Drift ◽  
Aerial Spraying

In the field of pesticide spraying, droplet size is one of the most important factors affecting droplet deposition and drift. In order to study the effect of different droplet size parameters on droplet deposition distribution and drift of aerial spraying by using plant protection UAV, an aerial spraying test with the same spraying rate and different size droplets in rice canopy was carried out by using multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and four TEEJET nozzles with different orifice sizes (these droplets with a volume median diameter (VMD) of 95.21, 121.43, 147.28, and 185.09 μm, respectively), and the deposition distribution and penetration of droplets in the target area and the drift distribution of droplets in the non-target area were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the deposition distribution and penetration of droplets in the target area and the drift distribution of droplets in the non-target area were influenced by the droplet size. The droplet deposition rate in the upper and lower rice canopies were increased in the target area with the increase of droplet size. The penetration results of droplets also increased with the increase of droplet size, and that of droplets with a VMD of 185.09 μm was the best, reaching 38.13%. The average values of the cumulative drift rate of droplets in the rice canopy in the four tests were 73.87%, 50.26%, 35.91%, and 23.06%, respectively, and the cumulative drift rate and the drift distance of droplets decreased with the increase of droplet size, which indicated that the increase of droplet size can effectively reduce droplet drift. It demonstrated that the droplet size is one of the most important factors affecting droplet deposition and drift for pesticide spraying by plant protection UAV, and for the application of plant protection UAV with extra-low volume spraying, the use of droplets with VMD less than 160 μm should be avoided and a more than 10 m buffer zone should be considered downwind of the spraying field to avoid drug damage caused by pesticide drift. The results have fully revealed the effect of droplet size parameters on droplet deposition and drift of aerial spraying. Moreover, the influence of the wind field below the rotors on the distribution of droplet deposition was surmised and analyzed from the perspective of plant protection UAV. It is important for optimizing the droplet parameters of aerial spraying, increasing the spraying efficiency, and realizing precision agricultural aviation spray.

scholarly journals Efisiensi Penggunaan Radiasi Matahari dan Respon Tanaman Kedelai (Glycine max L.) terhadap Penggunaan Mulsa Reflektif

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syahrun Mubarak ◽  
Impron , ◽  
Dan Tania June
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Transmitted Radiation ◽  
Radiation Interception ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Glycine Max L

One of factors affecting the productivity of soybean crop is the availability of solar radiation. Reduction of solar radiation reaching soybean crop by cloud cover especially during rainy season or by shade of trees could potentially decrease soybean production. The availability of radiation for the crop can be increased through the use of reflective mulch to reflect back transmitted radiation to the crop canopy. This study aimed to determine the effect of shade and reflective mulch on crop solar radiation balance and crop productivity responses. A field experiment in Bogor, Indonesia in July 2016 to January 2017, was conducted, applying a Nested Design-two factors model with three replications. The first factor was two levels of shading, i.e., without and with 50% shade; and the second factor was three levels, i.e., without mulch, black silver mulch, and metallic mulch. The results showed that the use of mulch influenced the radiation balance of plants, increasing distribution of radiation reception in plants, solar radiation interception and RUE. The use of mulch caused changes in canopy structure by increase LAI, so that the inhibited radiation was higher. The reflected radiation from the mulch increased production per plants and weight of 1,000 seeds in shaded plants.Keywords: black silver mulch, metallic mulch, radiation balance, radiation interception, shading

scholarly journals OPTIMAL CONTROL OF THE TRACTOR MOVEMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kalinin ◽  
◽  
M. Myasushka
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Logic Device ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Methods Analytical ◽  
The Right

Goal of the study. Assessment of the possibility of optimizing tractor control by methods of automatic search for the optimum point. To achieve this goal, you must complete the following tasks: – to analyze the operating conditions of the tractor unit with the determination of the force factors affecting its operating conditions; – to develop a scheme and algorithm for the operation of the extreme regulator and analyze its functioning. Research methods. Analytical studies are based on methods of optimization of power factors acting on a tractor. The results of the study. An automatic regulator is considered, which provides an optimal ratio of the engine speed and the transmission gear ratio for each speed. The logic device generates a signal to change the power train ratio. The required travel speed of the tractor unit is set by the operator using the speed regulator. Changing the gear ratio changes the speed of the tractor. The signal of the deviation of the speed of movement, after amplification, provides an effect on the fuel supply and, by changing the revolutions of the crankshaft of the engine, brings the actual speed of the tractor to the set one. In the control system, the measurement of the amount of fuel consumed by the engine is carried out by a flow meter, and the measurement is carried out at certain intervals, and the current value is compared with the previous one. Reducing fuel consumption means that the influence on the change in gear ratio has been chosen in the right direction. Conclusions. The paper proposes a self-adjusting system. In a theoretical study of the possibility of optimal control of the tractor movement, equations are determined that are easily solved by the graphical analytical method. The graphical plotting determines the time the system reaches the optimal mode. The considered example of regulation of the power drive and the tractor engine does not exhaust the scope of application of self-adjusting systems. The operating modes of a number of units, as well as some interrelationships of design parameters, have static characteristics that ensure widespread use of these systems.

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