scholarly journals Feasibility of Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate Estimation by Inertial Sensors Embedded in a Virtual Reality Headset

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7168
Author(s):  
Claudia Floris ◽  
Sarah Solbiati ◽  
Federica Landreani ◽  
Gianfranco Damato ◽  
Bruno Lenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Rate Estimation ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Controlled Breathing ◽  
The One ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg

Virtual reality (VR) headsets, with embedded micro-electromechanical systems, have the potential to assess the mechanical heart’s functionality and respiratory activity in a non-intrusive way and without additional sensors by utilizing the ballistocardiographic principle. To test the feasibility of this approach for opportunistic physiological monitoring, thirty healthy volunteers were studied at rest in different body postures (sitting (SIT), standing (STAND) and supine (SUP)) while accelerometric and gyroscope data were recorded for 30 s using a VR headset (Oculus Go, Oculus, Microsoft, USA) simultaneously with a 1-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) signal for mean heart rate (HR) estimation. In addition, longer VR acquisitions (50 s) were performed under controlled breathing in the same three postures to estimate the respiratory rate (RESP). Three frequency-based methods were evaluated to extract from the power spectral density the corresponding frequency. By the obtained results, the gyroscope outperformed the accelerometer in terms of accuracy with the gold standard. As regards HR estimation, the best results were obtained in SIT, with Rs2 (95% confidence interval) = 0.91 (0.81−0.96) and bias (95% Limits of Agreement) −1.6 (5.4) bpm, followed by STAND, with Rs2 = 0.81 (0.64−0.91) and −1.7 (11.6) bpm, and SUP, with Rs2 = 0.44 (0.15−0.68) and 0.2 (19.4) bpm. For RESP rate estimation, SUP showed the best feasibility (98%) to obtain a reliable value from each gyroscope axis, leading to the identification of the transversal direction as the one containing the largest breathing information. These results provided evidence of the feasibility of the proposed approach with a degree of performance and feasibility dependent on the posture of the subject, under the conditions of keeping the head still, setting the grounds for future studies in real-world applications of HR and RESP rate measurement through VR headsets.

scholarly journals CPR Compression Rotation Every One Minute Versus Two Minutes: A Randomized Cross-Over Manikin Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Nutthapong Pechaksorn ◽  
Veerapong Vattanavanit
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Chest Compression ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Chest Compressions ◽  
Compression Depth ◽  
End Points ◽  
The One ◽  
Support Guidelines

Background. The current basic life support guidelines recommend two-minute shifts for providing chest compressions when two rescuers are performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. However, various studies have found that rescuer fatigue can occur within one minute, coupled with a decay in the quality of chest compressions. Our aim was to compare chest compression quality metrics and rescuer fatigue between alternating rescuers in performing one- and two-minute chest compressions. Methods. This prospective randomized cross-over study was conducted at Songklanagarind Hospital, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand. We enrolled sixth-year medical students and residents and randomly grouped them into pairs to perform 8 minutes of chest compression, utilizing both the one-minute and two-minute scenarios on a manikin. The primary end points were chest compression depth and rate. The secondary end points included rescuers’ fatigue, respiratory rate, and heart rate. Results. One hundred four participants were recruited. Compared with participants in the two-minute group, participants in the one-minute group had significantly higher mean (standard deviation, SD) compression depth (mm) (45.8 (7.2) vs. 44.5 (7.1), P=0.01) but there was no difference in the mean (SD) rate (compressions per min) (116.1 (12.5) vs. 117.8 (12.4), P=0.08), respectively. The rescuers in the one-minute group had significantly less fatigue (P<0.001) and change in respiratory rate (P<0.001), but there was no difference in the change of heart rate (P=0.59) between the two groups. Conclusion. There were a significantly higher compression depth and lower rescuer fatigue in the 1-minute chest compression group compared with the 2-minute group. This trial is registered with TCTR20170823001.

scholarly journals Hypoxia-induced vagal withdrawal is independent of the hypoxic ventilatory response in men

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Siebenmann ◽  
Camilla K. Ryrsø ◽  
Laura Oberholzer ◽  
James P. Fisher ◽  
Linda M. Hilsted ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Spontaneous Breathing ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Pulmonary Ventilation ◽  
Vagal Activity ◽  
Adrenergic Blockade ◽  
Controlled Breathing ◽  
Vagal Withdrawal

Hypoxia increases heart rate (HR) in humans by sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal. However, in anaesthetized dogs hypoxia increases vagal activity and reduces HR if pulmonary ventilation does not increase and we evaluated whether that observation applies to awake humans. Ten healthy males were exposed to 15 min of normoxia and hypoxia (10.5% O2), while respiratory rate and tidal volume were volitionally controlled at values identified during spontaneous breathing in hypoxia. End-tidal CO2 tension was clamped at 40 mmHg by CO2 supplementation. β-Adrenergic blockade by intravenous propranolol isolated vagal regulation of HR. During spontaneous breathing, hypoxia increased ventilation by 3.2 ± 2.1 l/min ( P = 0.0033) and HR by 8.9 ± 5.5 beats/min ( P < 0.001). During controlled breathing, respiratory rate (16.3 ± 3.2 vs. 16.4 ± 3.3 breaths/min) and tidal volume (1.05 ± 0.27 vs. 1.06 ± 0.24 l) were similar for normoxia and hypoxia, whereas the HR increase in hypoxia persisted without (8.6 ± 10.2 beats/min) and with (6.6 ± 5.6 beats/min) propranolol. Neither controlled breathing ( P = 0.80), propranolol ( P = 0.64), nor their combination ( P = 0.89) affected the HR increase in hypoxia. Arterial pressure was unaffected ( P = 0.48) by hypoxia across conditions. The hypoxia-induced increase in HR during controlled breathing and β-adrenergic blockade indicates that hypoxia reduces vagal activity in humans even when ventilation does not increase. Vagal withdrawal in hypoxia seems to be governed by the arterial chemoreflex rather than a pulmonary inflation reflex in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hypoxia accelerates the heart rate of humans by increasing sympathetic activity and reducing vagal activity. Animal studies have indicated that hypoxia-induced vagal withdrawal is governed by a pulmonary inflation reflex that is activated by the increased pulmonary ventilation in hypoxia. The present findings, however, indicate that humans experience vagal withdrawal in hypoxia even if ventilation does not increase, indicating that vagal withdrawal is governed by the arterial chemoreflex rather than a pulmonary inflation reflex.

Factors influencing heart rate variability power spectral analysis during controlled breathing in patients with chronic heart failure or hypertension and in healthy normotensive subjects

2004 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco PICCIRILLO ◽  
Damiano MAGRÌ ◽  
Camilla NASO ◽  
Silvia di CARLO ◽  
Antonio MOISÈ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Nyha Class ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Normotensive Subjects ◽  
Controlled Breathing ◽  
Frequency Power

A decreased LFP (low-frequency power) spectral component of HRV [HR (heart rate) variability] is a risk factor for sudden death in patients with CHF (chronic heart failure). In the present study, we evaluated factors (age, arterial pressures and HR) influencing LFP and HFP (high-frequency power) components in short-term recordings during controlled breathing in patients with CHF or hypertension, and healthy normotensive subjects. In patients with CHF, we also compared LFP values with known markers of sudden death [NYHA (New York Heart Association) class, HR and ejection fraction]. All HRV measures were significantly lower in patients with CHF than in hypertensive and normotensive subjects (P<0.001), and in hypertensive than in normotensive subjects (P<0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that, in patients with CHF, LFP was inversely associated with NYHA class (β=−0.5, P<0.0001) and HR (β=−0.2, P=0.001) and was positively associated with ejection fraction (β=0.28, P<0.0001). In patients with CHF, LFP remained unchanged with age. In normotensive and hypertensive subjects, HFP decreased with age, but in patients with CHF it did not. In the ≥60<70 and ≥70 years of age subgroups, we found no difference between HFP in the three groups studied. Hence, in normotensives and hypertensives, LFP tended to diminish with age (β=−0.4, P<0.0001 in normotensives; β=−0.4, P<0.001 in hypertensives) and was inversely associated with HR (β=−0.2, P=0.002 in normotensives; β=−0.3, P=0.002 in hypertensives). Conversely, in patients with CHF, LFP is predominantly influenced by NYHA class, HR and ejection fraction, but not by age. LFP might therefore increase the sensitivity of factors already used in stratifying the risk of sudden death in patients with CHF.

A new method for long-term monitoring of the ballistocardiogram, heart rate, and respiration

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (5) ◽  
pp. R384-R392 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alihanka ◽  
K. Vaahtoranta ◽  
I. Saarikivi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Respiratory Movement ◽  
Body Movements ◽  
Ultralow Frequency ◽  
Wave Forms ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Long Term Monitoring ◽  
Term Monitoring

The principle of the static charge-sensitive-bed (SCSB) method is described. The method is simple and inexpensive. From the SCSB recording the ballistocardiogram (BCG) and respiratory movement can be simultaneously recorded by selective filtering of the original signal. The SCSB recording thus enables continuous long-term monitoring of the BCG, heart rate, respiratory rate, respiratory amplitude, and body movements. There are no electrodes or cables connected to the subject. The SCSB-BCG signal was studied by comparing the SCSB method with the conventional ultralow-frequency (ULF) acceleration BCG. The wave forms at rest and the amplitude responses to physical exercise were studied by both methods. Multiple recordings of the BCG, heart rate, respiratory movement, respiratory rate, and body movements after exercise and during sleep using the SCSB method are presented. The SCSB method opens new approaches to long-term studies of the regulation of myocardial performance, heart rate, and respiration. Applications of the SCSB method for clinical sleep studies, patient monitoring and cardiovascular screening examinations are discussed.

Detecting Heart Rate From Virtual Reality Headset-Embedded Inertial Sensors: a Kinetic Energy Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Solbiati ◽  
A. Buffoli ◽  
V. Megale ◽  
G. Damato ◽  
B. Lenzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Energy Approach

Automated Real-Time Processing of Single Lead Electrocardiogram for Simultaneous Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate Monitoring

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Disha N. Dutta ◽  
Reshmi Das ◽  
Saurabh Pal
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Single Subject ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Time Processing ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Respiration Signal

In this article, the design and development of a real-time heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) monitoring device is reported. The proposed device is designed to impose minimum data acquisition hazards on the subject. In standard bedside monitors, HR and RR are derived from electrocardiogram (ECG) and respiration signals, respectively, and different electrodes are required for capturing the 12-lead ECG and respiration via a chest belt, which is cumbersome for patients and healthcare providers. Respiration signal has an impact on ECG due to anatomical proximity of the heart and lung, and ECG is modulated by respiration, a phenomenon known as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). In the proposed method, the ECG signal is acquired using clip electrodes at the wrists and the respiration signal is extracted from the ECG using an Arduino Uno microcontroller-based real-time processing of ECG. RR is then derived from ECG-derived respiration (EDR). The prototype is tested on healthy subjects and compared to measurements taken using a standard MP45 data acquisition device associated with a Biopac Student Lab (BSL). A mean percentage error of 5.54 ± 8.48% was observed under normal breathing conditions and an error of −3.41 ± 3.27% was observed for a single subject tested under a variety of breathing conditions, such as resting, stair-climbing, and paced breathing. The proposed algorithm can also be used in combination with standard ECG monitoring systems to measure HR and RR, without any data acquisition hazard to the subject.

scholarly journals Spacecraft launch and re-entry: Effects of simulated +Gx acceleration on cardiorespiratory parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 69-73
Author(s):  
LS Deepika ◽  
MS Nataraja ◽  
S Mishra ◽  
A Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Repeated Measures Anova ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
Second Peak

Introduction: In the spaceflight, during launch and re-entry, the crew is exposed to acceleration ranging from +4Gx to +8Gx in nominal conditions. This study was conducted to assess the changes in cardiorespiratory parameters, namely, heart rate (HR), electrocardiogram (ECG), respiratory rate (RR), and SpO2 on exposure to simulated +Gx acceleration. Material and Methods: Fifteen randomly selected healthy male volunteers participated in the study. They were exposed to a simulated acceleration profile consisting of two peaks in the high-performance human centrifuge; first peak of +4Gx for 30 s and second peak of+8Gx for 30 s. The cardiorespiratory parameters were monitored and recorded during the acceleration exposure. The data were compiled and analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Significant increase in HR was observed on exposure to +4Gx (110.4 ± 16.7 bpm; P < 0.001) in comparison to the baseline value (80.5 ± 7.5 bpm). However, the changes in the HR at +8Gx were not significant in comparison to baseline as well as +4Gx values. On the other hand, RR indicated a significant increase on exposure to +8Gx (25.2 ± 5.8 breaths/min) in comparison to the baseline (15.1 ± 1.6 breaths/min; P = 0.001) and +4Gx (19.0 ± 6.1 breaths/min; P = 0.009) values. SpO2 showed a significant reduction at +8Gx (94.2 ± 3.8%) in comparison to baseline (98.9 ± 0.3%; P = 0.004) and +4Gx (96.9 ± 1.5%; P = 0.003). ECG did not show any evidence of arrhythmia during the exposure to +Gx acceleration. Conclusion: The insignificant changes in the HR at peak of +8Gx indicate less pronounced effects on the smaller hydrostatic gradient in +Gx acceleration unlike +Gz acceleration. However, the findings of the study point towards a significant increase in respiratory rate and reduction in SpO2 at +8Gx.

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