scholarly journals Energy Harvested and Cooperative Enabled Efficient Routing Protocol (EHCRP) for IoT-WBAN

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6267
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dawood Khan ◽  
Zahid Ullah ◽  
Arshad Ahmad ◽  
Bashir Hayat ◽  
Ahmad Almogren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Network Bandwidth ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Path Cost

The health industry is one of the most auspicious domains for the application of Internet of Things (IoT) based technologies. Lots of studies have been carried out in the health industry field to minimize the use of resources and increase the efficiency. The use of IoT combined with other technologies has brought quality advancement in the health sector at minimum expense. One such technology is the use of wireless body area networks (WBANs), which will help patients incredibly in the future and will make them more productive because there will be no need for staying at home or a hospital for a long time. WBANs and IoT have an integrated future as WBANs, like any IoT application, are a collection of heterogeneous sensor-based devices. For the better amalgamation of the IoT and WBANs, several hindrances blocking their integration need to be addressed. One such problem is the efficient routing of data in limited resource sensor nodes (SNs) in WBANs. To solve this and other problems, such as transmission of duplicate sensed data, limited network lifetime, etc., energy harvested and cooperative-enabled efficient routing protocol (EHCRP) for IoT-WBANs is proposed. The proposed protocol considers multiple parameters of WBANs for efficient routing such as residual energy of SNs, number of hops towards the sink, node congestion levels, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and available network bandwidth. A path cost estimation function is calculated to select forwarder node using these parameters. Due to the efficient use of the path-cost estimation process, the proposed mechanism achieves efficient and effective multi-hop routing of data and improves the reliability and efficiency of data transmission over the network. After extensive simulations, the achieved results of the proposed protocol are compared with state-of-the-art techniques, i.e., E-HARP, EB-MADM, PCRP and EERP. The results show significant improvement in network lifetime, network throughout, and end-to-end delay.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Clustering Multi-Hop Routing Protocol in a UWSN

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
Nhat-Tien Nguyen ◽  
Thien T. T. Le ◽  
Huy-Hung Nguyen ◽  
Miroslav Voznak
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Depth Level ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Energy Efficient Clustering

Underwater wireless sensor networks are currently seeing broad research in various applications for human benefits. Large numbers of sensor nodes are being deployed in rivers and oceans to monitor the underwater environment. In the paper, we propose an energy-efficient clustering multi-hop routing protocol (EECMR) which can balance the energy consumption of these nodes and increase their network lifetime. The network area is divided into layers with regard to the depth level. The data sensed by the nodes are transmitted to a sink via a multi-hop routing path. The cluster head is selected according to the depth of the node and its residual energy. To transmit data from the node to the sink, the cluster head aggregates the data packet of all cluster members and then forwards them to the upper layer of the sink node. The simulation results show that EECMR is effective in terms of network lifetime and the nodes’ energy consumption.

Enhanced GAF protocol based on graph theory to optimize energy efficiency and lifetime in WSN technology

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aznaoui Hanane ◽  
Arif Ullah ◽  
Said Raghay
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Optimal Path ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Entire Network

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to design an enhanced routing protocol to minimize energy consumed and extend network lifetime in sensor network (WSN).Design/methodology/approachWith the use of appropriate routing protocols, data collected by sensor nodes reache the BS. The entire network lifetime can be extended well beyond that of its single nodes by putting the nodes in sleep state when they are not in use, and make active just a single node at a time within a given area of interest. So that, the lowest-cost routing arises by minimizing the communication cost. This paper proposes an enhanced adaptive geographic fidelity (E-GAF) routing protocol based on theory of graphs approach to improve the discovery phase, select the optimal path, reduce the energy used by nodes and therefore extend the network lifetime. Following the simulations established by varying the number of grids and tests, a comparison is made between the E-GAF and basic GAF (B-GAF) based on the number of dead nodes and energy consumption.FindingsThe results obtained show that E-GAF is better than the existing basic GAF protocol in terms of energy efficiency and network lifetime.Originality/valueThis paper adopts the latest optimization algorithm know as E-GAF, which is used to solve the problem of energy and improve the network lifetime in a WSN. This is the first work that utilizes network lifetime in WSN.

Communication Trust and Energy-Aware Routing Protocol for WSN Using D-S Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
Srinivasan Palanisamy ◽  
Sankar S. ◽  
Ramasubbareddy Somula ◽  
Ganesh Gopal Deverajan
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Trust Model ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
Trust Models

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) deployed in open environments make nodes prone to various security attacks due to their resource constrained nature. The compromised nodes are used to mislead the sensed data and disrupt communication, which can affect the entire decision-making system based on the sensed data. It is also possible to drain the sensor nodes energy and reduce the battery life of the networks. Trust models are the preferred mechanism to secure WSN. In this paper, the authors present communication trust and energy aware (CTEA) routing protocol that make use of the proposed trust model to mitigate the effects of badmouth and energy drain attacks. They use Dempster theory to compute communication trust and also consider the energy metric, to establish the route for data transfer. The simulation result shows that the proposed trust model increases the packet delivery ratio, residual energy, and network lifetime by mitigating the nodes misbehaviour in presence of energy drain and bad mouth attacks.

Secure-Aware Multipath Routing Using Atom Search Rider Optimization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-55
Author(s):  
M. B. Shyjith ◽  
C. P. Maheswaran ◽  
V. K. Reshma
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Multipath Routing ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Throughput Rate ◽  
Cluster Heads ◽  
Average Residual ◽  
Maximal Average ◽  
Selection Of

WSN is comprised of sensor nodes that sense the data for various applications. The nodes are employed for transmitting sensed data to BS through intermediate nodes or the cluster heads in multi-hop environment. Erroneous selection of CHs may lead to large energy consumption and thereby degrades system performance. Hence, an effective technique was developed by proposing Rider-ASO for secure-aware multipath routing in the WSN. The proposed routing protocol offers security to the network concerning various trust factors. Initially, cluster head selection is done using RCSO. Then, the trust values of the cluster heads that are selected is computed to ensure security while routing. For the multipath routing, proposed Rider-ASO is developed by combining ASO and ROA. Thus, the proposed algorithm finds multiple secured paths from the source into destination based on selected CHs. The developed Rider-ASO outperformed other methods with minimal delay of 0.009 sec, maximal average residual energy 0.5494 J, maximal PDR of 97.82%, maximal throughput rate of 96.07%, respectively.

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Trust Node Based Routing Protocol (EETRP) to Maximize the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks in Plateaus

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandoori Srikanth ◽  
Muktyala Sivaganga Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Energy Limitation

<p>Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can extant the individual profits and suppleness with regard to low-power and economical quick deployment for numerous applications. WSNs are widely utilized in medical health care, environmental monitoring, emergencies and remote control areas. Introducing of mobile nodes in clusters is a traditional approach, to assemble the data from sensor nodes and forward to the Base station. Energy efficiency and lifetime improvements are key research areas from past few decades. In this research, to solve the energy limitation to upsurge the network lifetime, Energy efficient trust node based routing protocol is proposed. An experimental validation of framework is focused on Packet Delivery Ratio, network lifetime, throughput, energy consumption and network loss among all other challenges. This protocol assigns some high energy nodes as trusted nodes, and it decides the mobility of data collector.  The energy of mobile nodes, and sensor nodes can save up to a great extent by collecting data from trusted nodes based on their trustworthiness and energy efficiency.  The simulation outcome of our evaluation shows an improvement in all these parameters than existing clustering and Routing algorithms.<strong></strong></p>

Salp

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vrajesh Kumar Chawra ◽  
Govind P. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Cluster Head Selection ◽  
Research Issue ◽  
Energy Hole ◽  
Node Clustering

The formation of the unequal clusters of the sensor nodes is a burning research issue in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Energy-hole and non-uniform load assignment are two major issues in most of the existing node clustering schemes. This affects the network lifetime of WSN. Salp optimization-based algorithm is used to solve these problems. The proposed algorithm is used for cluster head selection. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with the two-node clustering scheme in the term of residual energy, energy consumption, and network lifetime. The results show the proposed scheme outperforms the existing protocols in term of network lifetime under different network configurations.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Unequal Chain Length Clustering for Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Cities

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Baniata ◽  
Jiman Hong
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor

The recent advances in sensing and communication technologies such as wireless sensor networks (WSN) have enabled low-priced distributed monitoring systems that are the foundation of smart cities. These advances are also helping to monitor smart cities and making our living environments workable. However, sensor nodes are constrained in energy supply if they have no constant power supply. Moreover, communication links can be easily failed because of unequal node energy depletion. The energy constraints and link failures affect the performance and quality of the sensor network. Therefore, designing a routing protocol that minimizes energy consumption and maximizes the network lifetime should be considered in the design of the routing protocol for WSN. In this paper, we propose an Energy-Efficient Unequal Chain Length Clustering (EEUCLC) protocol which has a suboptimal multihop routing algorithm to reduce the burden on the cluster head and a probability-based cluster head selection algorithm to prolong the network lifetime. Simulation results show that the EEUCLC mechanism enhanced the energy balance and prolonged the network lifetime compared to other related protocols.

scholarly journals FCERP: A Novel WSNs Fuzzy Clustering and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42
Author(s):  
Zainab Alansari ◽  
Mohammed Siddique ◽  
Mohammed Waleed Ashour
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Clustering ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Energy Consuming

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are set of sensor nodes to monitor and detect transmitted data to the sink. WSNs face significant challenges in terms of node energy availability, which may impact network sustainability. As a result, developing protocols and algorithms that make the best use of limited resources, particularly energy resources, is critical issues for designing WSNs. Routing algorithms, for example, are unique algorithms as they have a direct and effective relationship with lifetime of network and energy. The available routing protocols employ single-hop data transmission to the sink and clustering per round. In this paper, a Fuzzy Clustering and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (FCERP) that lower the WSNs energy consuming and increase the lifetime of network is proposed. FCERP introduces a new cluster-based fuzzy routing protocol capable of utilizing clustering and multiple hop routing features concurrently using a threshold limit. A novel aspect of this research is that it avoids clustering per round while considering using fixed threshold and adapts multi-hop routing by predicting the best intermediary node for clustering and the sink. Some Fuzzy factors such as residual energy, neighbors amount, and distance to sink considered when deciding which intermediary node to use.

scholarly journals Routing of emergency data in a wireless sensor network for mining applications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandana Jafarian
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Mesh Network ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
End To End

Emergency situations in mines result in loss of precious human lives. In this thesis we discussed architecture of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that can be deployed in mines, which takes care of severe geographical and environmental constraints found inside mines. The proposed architecture is a two-level hierarchy of small sized WSNs that employs a wireless Mesh network as the backbone connecting small sized WSNs scattered inside mines. We proposed a routing protocol for that WSN that is optimized for both emergency and non-emergency data routing. Since our main goal is to provide safety in the mining environment, the main consideration of the routing protocol is to provide reliability and reduce the end-to-end delay for vital emergency traffic while optimizing for network longevity for non-emergency traffic. We present a new cost-based routing protocol called MDML, which provides Minimum Delay and Maximum Lifetime routing for such networks. The proposed MDML routing defines separate cost metrics for emergency and non-emergency traffic. It finds the least-cost path for the reliable delay-constrained emergency traffic with regards to link error rate but also gives secondary consideration to nodes' residual energy. It is an energy efficient routing scheme for non-emergency or regular data traffic routing that maximizes the network lifetime. However, for emergency traffic energy efficiency is compromised to achieving minimal delay. Regular traffic is generated through periodic monitoring and is delay-insensitive. For regular traffic delivery, a shortest path routinig algorithm is employed which uses link costs that reflect both the communication energy consumption rates and the residual energy levels at the two end nodes. Simulation results show that using the proposed emergency routes reduces the end-to-end delay for emergency traffic. The effect of protocol update cycle on increasing the network lifetime is verified true simulation. MDML is also compared with a simulated non-MDML approach to compare the lifetime and delay performance. Simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach.

scholarly journals ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR INCREASING LIFETIME OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-248
Author(s):  
Tanya Pathak ◽  
Vinay Kumar Singh ◽  
Anurag Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing

In the recent years, an efficient design of a Wireless Sensor Network has become important in the area of research. The major challenges in the design of Wireless Sensor Network is to improve the network lifetime. The main difficulty for sensor node is to survive in that monitoring area for the longer time that means there is a need to increase the lifetime of the sensor nodes by optimizing the energy and distance. There are various existing routing protocols in which optimal routing can be achieved like Data-Centric, Hierarchical and Location-based routing protocols. In this paper, new power efficient routing protocol is being proposed that not only select the shortest path between the source node and sink node for data transmission but also maximizes the lifetime of the participating nodes by selecting the best path for sending the data packet across the network. The main objective of this research is to develop a faster algorithm to find the energy efficient route for Wireless Sensor Network. Simulation results shows that this strategy achieves long network lifetime when compared to the other standard protocols.

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