scholarly journals Development of Washable Silver Printed Textile Electrodes for Long-Term ECG Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 6233
Author(s):  
Abreha Bayrau Nigusse ◽  
Benny Malengier ◽  
Desalegn Alemu Mengistie ◽  
Granch Berhe Tseghai ◽  
Lieva Van Langenhove
Keyword(s):  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Polyester Fabric ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Ecg Monitoring ◽  
Textile Electrodes ◽  
Elastic Strap ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

Long-term electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring is very essential for the early detection and treatment of cardiovascular disorders. However, commercially used silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes have drawbacks, and these become more obvious during long-term signal monitoring, making them inconvenient for this use. In this study, we developed silver printed textile electrodes from knitted cotton and polyester fabric for ECG monitoring. The surface resistance of printed electrodes was 1.64 Ω/sq for cotton and 1.78 Ω/sq for polyester electrodes. The ECG detection performance of the electrodes was studied by placing three electrodes around the wrist where the electrodes were embedded on an elastic strap with Velcro. The ECG signals collected using textile electrodes had a comparable waveform to those acquired using standard Ag/AgCl electrodes with a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 33.10, 30.17, and 33.52 dB for signals collected from cotton, polyester, and Ag/AgCl electrodes, respectively. The signal quality increased as the tightness of the elastic strap increased. Signals acquired at 15 mmHg pressure level with the textile electrodes provided a similar quality to those acquired using standard electrodes. Interestingly, the textile electrodes gave acceptable signal quality even after ten washing cycles.

scholarly journals A Novel Highly Durable Carbon/Silver/Silver Chloride Composite Electrode for High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1962
Author(s):  
Lingjun Li ◽  
Guangli Li ◽  
Yuliang Cao ◽  
Yvonne Yanwen Duan
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Direct Current ◽  
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Sintered Ag ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a promising non-invasive neuromodulation technique, which has been widely used in the clinical intervention and treatment of neurological or psychiatric disorders. Sintered Ag/AgCl electrode has become a preferred candidate for HD-tDCS, but its service life is very short, especially for long-term anodal stimulation. To address this issue, a novel highly durable conductive carbon/silver/silver chloride composite (C/Ag/AgCl) electrode was fabricated by a facile cold rolling method. The important parameters were systematically optimized, including the conductive enhancer, the particle size of Ag powder, the C:Ag:PTFE ratio, the saline concentration, and the active substance loading. The CNT/Ag/AgCl-721 electrode demonstrated excellent specific capacity and cycling performance. Both constant current anodal polarization and simulated tDCS measurement demonstrated that the service life of the CNT/Ag/AgCl-721 electrodes was 15-16 times of that of sintered Ag/AgCl electrodes. The much longer service life can be attributed to the formation of the three-dimensional interpenetrating conductive network with CNT doping, which can maintain a good conductivity and cycling performance even if excessive non-conductive AgCl is accumulated on the surface during long-term anodal stimulation. Considering their low cost, long service life, and good skin tolerance, the proposed CNT/Ag/AgCl electrodes have shown promising application prospects in HD-tDCS, especially for daily life scenarios.

scholarly journals Fabrication of Parylene-Coated Microneedle Array Electrode for Wearable ECG Device

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 5183
Author(s):  
Afraiz Tariq Satti ◽  
Jinsoo Park ◽  
Jangwoong Park ◽  
Hansang Kim ◽  
Sungbo Cho
Keyword(s):  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Equivalent Circuit Model ◽  
Electrode Array ◽  
Motion Artifacts ◽  
Microneedle Array ◽  
Ecg Monitoring ◽  
Insertion Force ◽  
Movement Artifacts ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

Microneedle array electrodes (MNE) showed immense potential for the sensitive monitoring of the bioelectric signals by penetrating the stratum corneum with high electrical impedance. In this paper, we introduce a rigid parylene coated microneedle electrode array and portable electrocardiography (ECG) circuit for monitoring of ECG reducing the motion artifacts. The developed MNE showed stability and durability for dynamic and long-term ECG monitoring in comparison to the typical silver-silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) wet electrodes. The microneedles showed no mechanical failure under the compression force up-to 16 N, but successful penetration of skin tissue with a low insertion force of 5 N. The electrical characteristics of the fabricated MNE were characterized by impedance spectroscopy with equivalent circuit model. The designed wearable wireless ECG monitoring device with MNE proved feasibility of the ECG recording which reduces the noise of movement artifacts during dynamic behaviors.

scholarly journals Influence of silver/silver chloride electroless plating on the Shore hardness of polyurethane substrates for dry EEG electrodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Indhika Fauzhan Warsito ◽  
René Machts ◽  
Stefan Griebel ◽  
Patrique Fiedler ◽  
Jens Haueisen
Keyword(s):  
Electroless Plating ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Shore Hardness ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
3D Print ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Hardness Increase ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

Abstract Dry electrodes enable a shorter preparation time for infant EEG. Since infant skin is more sensitive than adult skin, soft electrodes are required to reduce the mechanical stress for this sensitive skin. Thus, soft electrodes are crucial for eventual repetitive and long-term use like in neonatal intensive care units. A biocompatible polyurethane (PU) can be produced in low hardness resulting in a soft and flexible electrode substrate. Silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electroless plating provides a conductive, electrochemically stable coating but the process may alter the mechanical properties of the electrode substrate. In this study, we assess the hardness of PU material before and after Ag/AgCl plating. The test sample design for Shore hardness measurement is based on ISO 7619-1:2010. Sample production consists of a 3D print master model, silicone molding, PU casting, and finally electroless plating. UPX 8400-1 (Sika AG, Switzerland) is used for the sample substrates. Test samples are produced with 7 different Shore hardness (range A40-A95) and 14 samples (each hardness: 1 uncoated and 1 coated). The hardness measurements are carried out with a lever-operated test stand Shore hardness tester model with a digital hardness tester (TI-AC with HDA 100-1, KERN &SOHN GmbH, Germany).. It is shown that there is a hardness increase (Shore A) due to Ag/AgCl coating with a grand average of 1.1±0.7 (p<0.05). The largest increase of 2.1±0.2 is seen on the initial lowest Shore hardness sample (Shore hardness: 43.4±0.1). The absolute increase of hardness due to the Ag/AgCl coating decreases with increasing substrate hardness. It is concluded that there is no strong hardness increase of PU substrates due to Ag/AgCl plating. Therefore, the material is suitable as a soft electrode for repetitive and long-term use in infant applications.

Silver-silver chloride electrode as a nonpolarizable bioelectrode

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Feder
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Polarization ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Routine Laboratory ◽  
Silver Chloride Electrode ◽  
Polarization Effects ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

A thermal-electrolytic method for the preparation of Ag AgCl electrodes suitable for measurement of bioelectrical changes in the microvolt range is given in detail. A potential of 0.5 mv or less between electrode pairs is easily attained; and such electrodes will accurately measure emf generated by both steady and fluctuating phenomena down to ±5 μv under routine laboratory conditions. Studies in the variations in potential for pairs of electrodes from the time they are introduced into the circuit until they reach a stable state, as well as long-term drift are presented. These data are analyzed in terms of activation, ohmic, and concentration polarization effects. Submitted on July 19, 1962

scholarly journals Breathable Dry Silver/Silver Chloride Electronic Textile Electrodes for Electrodermal Activity Monitoring

Biosensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Haddad ◽  
Amir Servati ◽  
Saeid Soltanian ◽  
Frank Ko ◽  
Peyman Servati
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Skin Surface Temperature ◽  
Textile Electrodes ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Electronic Textile ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride

The focus of this study is to design and integrate silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electronic textile (e-textile) electrodes into different textile substrates to evaluate their ability to monitor electrodermal activity (EDA). Ag/AgCl e-textiles were stitched into woven textiles of cotton, nylon, and polyester to function as EDA monitoring electrodes. EDA stimulus responses detected by dry e-textile electrodes at various locations on the hand were compared to the EDA signals collected by dry solid Ag/AgCl electrodes. 4-h EDA data with e-textile and clinically conventional rigid electrodes were compared in relation to skin surface temperature. The woven cotton textile substrate with e-textile electrodes (0.12 cm2 surface area, 0.40 cm distance) was the optimal material to detect the EDA stimulus responses with the highest average Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.913 ± 0.041 when placed on the distal phalanx of the middle finger. In addition, differences with EDA waveforms recorded on various fingers were observed. Trends of long-term measurements showed that skin surface temperature affected EDA signals recorded by non-breathable electrodes more than when e-textile electrodes were used. The effective design criteria outlined for e-textile electrodes can promote the development of comfortable and unobtrusive EDA monitoring systems, which can help improve our knowledge of the human neurological system.

scholarly journals Highly Porous Platinum Electrodes for Dry Ear-EEG Measurements

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 3176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Eickenscheidt ◽  
Patrick Schäfer ◽  
Yara Baslan ◽  
Claudia Schwarz ◽  
Thomas Stieglitz
Keyword(s):  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Auditory Attention ◽  
Platinum Electrodes ◽  
Effective Surface Area ◽  
Effective Surface ◽  
Transmission Properties ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride ◽  
Highly Porous

The interest in dry electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes has increased in recent years, especially as everyday suitability earplugs for measuring drowsiness or focus of auditory attention. However, the challenge is still the need for a good electrode material, which is reliable and can be easily processed for highly personalized applications. Laser processing, as used here, is a fast and very precise method to produce personalized electrode configurations that meet the high requirements of in-ear EEG electrodes. The arrangement of the electrodes on the flexible and compressible mats allows an exact alignment to the ear mold and contributes to high wearing comfort, as no edges or metal protrusions are present. For better transmission properties, an adapted coating process for surface enlargement of platinum electrodes is used, which can be controlled precisely. The resulting porous platinum-copper alloy is chemically very stable, shows no exposed copper residues, and enlarges the effective surface area by 40. In a proof-of-principle experiment, these porous platinum electrodes could be used to measure the Berger effect in a dry state using just one ear of a test person. Their signal-to-noise ratio and the frequency transfer function is comparable to gel-based silver/silver chloride electrodes.

scholarly journals Textile-based electrode for electrocardiography monitoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2311-2318
Author(s):  
Syaidah Md Saleh ◽  
Nurul Ashikin Abdul-Kadir ◽  
Fauzan Khairi Che Harun ◽  
Dedy H. B. Wicaksono
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Silver Chloride ◽  
Promising Result ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Ecg Signal ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Silver Silver ◽  
Silver Silver Chloride ◽  
Coated Cotton

The increasing demand of smart garment for monitoring people’s health is due to comfortability, lightweight and flexibility properties of the textile could offer to the user. The textile-based electrocardiography (ECG) electrode is an alternative of commercially available silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode which could cause skin allergies to certain users and is not suitable for long-term monitoring electrode. In this paper, we report the performance of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coated cotton fabric electrode to the effect of longevity and temperature. The ECG waveform and signal-to noise ratio (SNR) of the rGO-coated cotton electrodes were compared to that the performance of Ag/AgCl electrodes. The reliability characterization confirmed the rGO-coated cotton fabric conductance maintain at more than 80% even after 100 days of fabrication and the conductance measurement is increasing with respect to the temperature applied. The electrode shows lower in impedance value and the performance in acquiring ECG signal is comparable with the Ag/AgCl electrode. The vertical position rectangle-shaped electrode is recommended in measuring ECG signals. In conclusion, the rGO-coated cotton electrode with flexible dry-type electrode and excellent performance especially reliability and in capturing ECG signal had shown a promising result for further development.

scholarly journals Wearable Smart Textiles for Long-Term Electrocardiography Monitoring—A Review

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4174
Author(s):  
Abreha Bayrau Nigusse ◽  
Desalegn Alemu Mengistie ◽  
Benny Malengier ◽  
Granch Berhe Tseghai ◽  
Lieva Van Langenhove
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Motion Artifacts ◽  
Capacitive Coupling ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Ecg Monitoring ◽  
Contact Impedance ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Textile Electrodes

The continuous and long-term measurement and monitoring of physiological signals such as electrocardiography (ECG) are very important for the early detection and treatment of heart disorders at an early stage prior to a serious condition occurring. The increasing demand for the continuous monitoring of the ECG signal needs the rapid development of wearable electronic technology. During wearable ECG monitoring, the electrodes are the main components that affect the signal quality and comfort of the user. This review assesses the application of textile electrodes for ECG monitoring from the fundamentals to the latest developments and prospects for their future fate. The fabrication techniques of textile electrodes and their performance in terms of skin–electrode contact impedance, motion artifacts and signal quality are also reviewed and discussed. Textile electrodes can be fabricated by integrating thin metal fiber during the manufacturing stage of textile products or by coating textiles with conductive materials like metal inks, carbon materials, or conductive polymers. The review also discusses how textile electrodes for ECG function via direct skin contact or via a non-contact capacitive coupling. Finally, the current intensive and promising research towards finding textile-based ECG electrodes with better comfort and signal quality in the fields of textile, material, medical and electrical engineering are presented as a perspective.

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