scholarly journals EMG-Free Monitorization of the Acoustic Startle Reflex with a Mobile Phone: Implications of Sound Parameters with Posture Related Responses

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5996
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Gowen ◽  
Prashanna Khwaounjoo ◽  
Yusuf O. Cakmak
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Acoustic Startle ◽  
Acoustic Stimulus ◽  
Sound Stimulus ◽  
Acoustic Startle Reflex ◽  
Startle Reaction ◽  
Free System ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Test Sets ◽  
Clinical Conditions

(1) Background: Acute acoustic (sound) stimulus prompts a state of defensive motivation in which unconscious muscle responses are markedly enhanced in humans. The orbicularis oculi (OO) of the eye is an easily accessed muscle common for acoustic startle reaction/response/reflex (ASR) investigations and is the muscle of interest in this study. Although the ASR can provide insights about numerous clinical conditions, existing methodologies (Electromyogram, EMG) limit the usability of the method in real clinical conditions. (2) Objective: With EMG-free muscle recording in mind, our primary aim was to identify and investigate potential correlations in the responses of individual and cooperative OO muscles to various acoustic stimuli using a mobile and wire-free system. Our secondary aim was to investigate potential altered responses to high and also relatively low intensity acoustics at different frequencies in both sitting and standing positions through the use of biaural sound induction and video diagnostic techniques and software. (3) Methods: This study used a mobile-phone acoustic startle response monitoring system application to collect blink amplitude and velocity data on healthy males, aged 18–28 community cohorts during (n = 30) in both sitting and standing postures. The iPhone X application delivers specific sound parameters and detects blinking responses to acoustic stimulus (in millisecond resolution) to study the responses of the blinking reflex to acoustic sounds in standing and sitting positions by using multiple acoustic test sets of different frequencies and amplitudes introduced as acute sound stimuli (<0.5 s). The single acoustic battery of 15 pure-square wave sounds consisted of frequencies and amplitudes between 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz scales using 65, 90, and 105 dB (e.g., 3000 Hz_90 dB). (4) Results: Results show that there was a synchronization of amplitude and velocity between both eyes to all acoustic startles. Significant differences (p = 0.01) in blinking reaction time between sitting vs. standing at the high intensity (105 dB) 500 Hz acoustic test set was discovered. Interestingly, a highly significant difference (p < 0.001) in response times between test sets 500 Hz_105 dB and 4000 Hz_105 dB was identified. (5) Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first mobile phone-based acoustic battery used to detect and report significant ASR responses to specific frequencies and amplitudes of sound stimulus with corresponding sitting and standing conditions. The results from this experiment indicate the potential significance of using the specific frequency, amplitude, and postural conditions (as never before identified) which can open new horizons for ASR to be used for diagnosis and monitoring in numerous clinical and remote or isolated conditions.

There are No Sex-Specific Differences in Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle Response in Sprague Dawley Rats

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Komal T Shaikh ◽  
Susanne Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Associative Learning ◽  
Prepulse Inhibition ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Startle Response ◽  
Acoustic Startle ◽  
Acoustic Stimulus ◽  
Acoustic Startle Response ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Significant Difference

Habituation is characterized by a gradual decrease in response to a repeated, irrelevant stimulus. In rodents, habituation can be studied using the acoustic startle response (ASR). ASR can also be modulated by prepulse inhibition (PPI), where the presentation of a sub-threshold pre-stimulus decreases an organism’s behavioural response to a subsequent high intensity stimulus. While sex-specific differences in habituation and PPI have been observed in humans in association with several disorders, such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, they have not been extensively studied in a healthy model in Sprague Dawley rats. Pre-existing sex-specific differences have important implications for characterizing diseases on the basis of non-associative learning deficits. Furthermore, female subjects are often excluded from non-associative learning experiments due to potential effects of hormonal fluctuations on startle modulations. The focus of this study was to investigate any sex differences in startle modulations with the hope of addressing any experimental concerns with the use of females in non-associative learning experiments. This experiment observed short-term habituation and PPI in male and female Sprague Dawley rats from postnatal day 12 to 40. Habituation was assessed through the presentation of a high intensity (105 db) acoustic stimulus for twenty trials, with stimulus duration of 20ms per trial. PPI was measured through exposure to a prepulse of three possible intensities (0 db, 75 db, 80 db) for duration of 4 ms, followed by exposure to the pulse (105 db), with an ISI of 50 ms. There was no significant difference in prepulse inhibition between sex. Similarly, there was no significant sex difference in habituation. This experiment indicates that habituation and prepulse inhibition are not significantly affected by gender differences, perhaps due in part to the adaptive nature of non-associative learning.

Modulation of the acoustic startle reflex by emotionally-toned filmclips

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Kaviani ◽  
Jeffrey A. Gray ◽  
Stuart A. Checkley ◽  
Veena Kumari ◽  
Philip J. Corr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Startle ◽  
Startle Reflex ◽  
Acoustic Startle Reflex

PCR-RFLP Detection od PAI-2 Gene Variants: Prevelence in Ethnic Groups and Disease Relationship in patients Undergoing corony Angiography

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (05) ◽  
pp. 0955-0958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole A Foy ◽  
Peter J Grant
Keyword(s):  
Gene Variants ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Pima Indians ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
History Of ◽  
Caucasian Patients ◽  
Clinical Conditions ◽  
Rflp Assay ◽  
Coronary Atheroma

SummaryPAI-2 is a fibrinolytic inhibitor produced predominantly by monocytes. Most PAI-2 is intracellular making study in clinical conditions difficult. Abnormalities in production may be associated with inflammation and fibrinolysis at sites of tissue damage such as the atherosclerotic plaque.PAI-2 gene variants have been described: variant A consists of Asn120, Asn404 and Ser413 and variant B consists of Asp120, Lys404 and Cys413. We designed a PCR-RFLP assay using primers spanning the region containing Asn/Lys404 and Ser/Cys413. Variant B contains an Mwol restriction site. We analysed 302 Pima Indians and 286 healthy Caucasian volunteers. To investigate relationships between genotype and vascular disease we analysed 333 Caucasian patients undergoing coronary angiography.Gene variant B was more common in the Pimas than in Caucasians (p <0.0001). There was no significant difference in genotype distribution between the volunteers and patients. In the patients there was no association between genotype and either a history of MI or extent of coronary atheroma.

scholarly journals Investigation of university students’ problematic usage of mobile phone in the context of personalityÜniversite öğrencilerinde cep telefonunun problemli kullanımının kişilik bağlamında incelenmesi

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kutlu ◽  
Mustafa Pamuk
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Personality Test ◽  
Spring Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mobile Phone Usage ◽  
Faculty Of Education ◽  
Academic Year

Aim of this study is to examine problematic usage of mobile phone in the context of big five personality among university students. 103 male and 182 female, totally 285 university students who were from different Departments of Faculty of Education composed participants of the study in the spring period 2015-2016 academic year. Problematic mobile phone usage scale (PMPUS) and Quick Big Five Personality Test (QBFPT) were applied to 285 students, who were participants of the study. To analyse these data, Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficients, skewness, kurtosis, t test, and multiple regression were used. According to results obtained from the study, there was no significant difference between male and female in relation to problematic usage of mobile phone. Furthermore, agreeableness, extraversion, and openness to experience didn’t statistically predict to problematic usage of mobile phone, but conscientiousness and emotional stability statistically did. Discussion and some suggestions have been made based on the findings. ÖzetBu araştırmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin cep telefonlarını problemli kullanma davranışlarını beş büyük kişilik bağlamında incelemektir. Araştırmanın katılımcılarını 2015-2016 Eğitim-Öğretim sezonunun bahar döneminde Eğitim Fakültesi’nde öğrenim görmekte olan 103’ü erkek, 182’si kadın olan toplamda 285 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın katılımcılarına üniversite öğrencileri için problemli cep telefonu kullanım ölçeği (PCTKÖ) ve hızlı büyük beşli kişilik testi (HBBKT) uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde Pearson Korelasyon Katsayısı, iç tutarlılığa ilişkin güvenirlik katsayısını hesaplamak için Cronbach Alpha katsayıları, basıklık ve çarpıklık değerleri, cep telefonunun problemli kullanımının cinsiyete göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını belirlemek için t testi ve son olarak da beş kişilik faktörünün cep telefonunun problemli kullanımını yordayıp yordamadığına ilişkin çoklu regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuca göre, cep telefonunun problemli kullanımı cinsiyete göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılığın olmadığı bulunmuştur. Ayrıca uyumluluk, dışadönüklük ve deneyime açıklık kişilik faktörlerinin cep telefonunun problemli kullanımını istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde yordamadığı; ancak duygusal denge ve sorumluluk kişilik faktörlerinin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde yordadığı belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara dayalı olarak önerilerde bulunulmuş ve tartışılmıştır.

scholarly journals Chromium speciation in leather samples: an experiment using digital images, mobile phone and environmental concepts

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícius Costa ◽  
Ariane Neiva ◽  
Edenir Pereira-Filho
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Environmental Chemistry ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Reference Methods ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Significant Difference

This study proposes a new and simple method for Cr speciation and Cr(VI) determination in leather samples using digital images. The experiments were performed using a mobile phone and a free app called PhotoMetrix that was used to obtain and process data. The results obtained from PhotoMetrix were compared to reference methods using UV−Vis spectroscopy. A statistical evaluation between both proposed and the reference methods using two-sample t-test did not show a significant difference at a 95% confidence level. Bovine leather samples (4 samples) tanned with Cr salts and ovine leather samples (3 samples) tanned with vegetable tannin were analyzed. The proposed method presented limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.6 and 2 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, the proposed method using PhotoMetrix and digital images can provide undergraduate students an opportunity to learn topics such as quantitative analyses, environmental chemistry, speciation chemistry, image processing and treatment of statistical data. The results demonstrated that the proposed method can be applied to routine analyses and in experimental analytical chemistry courses.

scholarly journals Validation of Deep Learning-Based Artifact Correction on Synthetic FLAIR Images in a Different Scanning Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyeong Hwa Ryu ◽  
Hye Jin Baek ◽  
Sung-Min Gho ◽  
Kanghyun Ryu ◽  
Dong-Hyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Periventricular White Matter ◽  
Artifact Correction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery ◽  
Quantitative Analyses ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Test Sets ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

We investigated the capability of a trained deep learning (DL) model with a convolutional neural network (CNN) in a different scanning environment in terms of ameliorating the quality of synthetic fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images. The acquired data of 319 patients obtained from the retrospective review were used as test sets for the already trained DL model to correct the synthetic FLAIR images. Quantitative analyses were performed for native synthetic FLAIR and DL-FLAIR images against conventional FLAIR images. Two neuroradiologists assessed the quality and artifact degree of the native synthetic FLAIR and DL-FLAIR images. The quantitative parameters showed significant improvement on DL-FLAIR in all individual tissue segments and total intracranial tissues than on the native synthetic FLAIR (p < 0.0001). DL-FLAIR images showed improved image quality with fewer artifacts than the native synthetic FLAIR images (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the preservation of the periventricular white matter hyperintensities and lesion conspicuity between the two FLAIR image sets (p = 0.217). The quality of synthetic FLAIR images was improved through artifact correction using the trained DL model on a different scan environment. DL-based correction can be a promising solution for ameliorating the quality of synthetic FLAIR images to broaden the clinical use of synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

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