scholarly journals On the Use of a Rotatable ECT Sensor to Investigate Dense Phase Flow: A Feasibility Study

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4854
Author(s):  
Radosław Wajman ◽  
Robert Banasiak ◽  
Laurent Babout
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Projection Data ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Dense Phase ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Linear Back Projection ◽  
Capacitance Tomography

This paper presents the feasibility study of dynamic flow measurements using the concept of a rotatable electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) sensor. The experiment considered horizontal flow in a pneumatic conveying flow loop in the case of dense phase flow. Slugs and settled layers were imaged and a comparison was made between no rotation or rotation of the sensor for two image reconstruction schemas: linear back projection (LBP) and non-linear iterative back projection. Data were evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively by estimating the solids concentration level for different hue levels.

A Study on Forward and Inverse Problems for an Ultrasonic Tomography

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman ◽  
Ruzairi Abdul Rahim ◽  
Herlina Abdul Rahim ◽  
Zulkarnay Zakaria ◽  
Muhammad Jaysuman Pusppanathan
Keyword(s):  
Two Phase Flow ◽  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Projection Algorithm ◽  
Ultrasonic Tomography ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Tomographic Images ◽  
Linear Back Projection ◽  
Scanning Geometry

This paper studies the solution for inverse and forward problems for an ultrasonic tomography. Transmission-mode approach has been used for sensing the liquid/gas two-phase flow, which is a kind of strongly inhomogeneous medium. The imaging technique for two-phase flow using fan-shaped beam scanning geometry was presented. In this work, the tomographic images are derived from Back-Projection Algorithm. Some of the results based on the Linear Back-Projection algorithm (LBP) and the Hybrid Reconstruction algorithm (HR) was also presented.

Fire–Flame Imaging Using Electrical Capacitance Tomography

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruzairi Abdul Rahim ◽  
Kok Seong Chan ◽  
Sallehudin Ibrahim ◽  
Shaharum Sulaiman ◽  
Mohamad Shukri Abdul Manaf
Keyword(s):  
Reconstruction Algorithm ◽  
Visual Basic ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fire Flame ◽  
Linear Back Projection ◽  
Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Visual Basic 6.0

Ciri–ciri sifat pengukuran tomografik yang khusus telah terbukti dengan keupayaannya untuk memisit keadaan dinamik suatu proses dalam satu unit pengoperasian seperti dalam kebuk atau alat pengangkut tanpa memberi sebarang gangguan kepada proses tersebut. Proses Tomografi Kapasitan (Electrical Capacitance Tomography–ECT) merupakan teknik tidak intrusif untuk mengetahui taburan kandungan dalam paip dengan mengkaji perubahan ketelusan dielektrik bagi bahan yang terkandung dalam paip. Satu pengesan ECT 8 elektrod dengan pengaturcaraannya dalam Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 telah dibinakan untuk menunjukkan paparan pengguna. Sistem ini berupaya mengetahui pembahagian api yang terbakar dalam sesuatu perkakas. Data daripada sistem perkakas akan diperolehi melalui satu unit pengawal dan dimasukkan dalam komputer untuk mendapatkan gambaran keratan rentas pembakaran api. Algoritma pembinaan semula imej (Image Reconstruction Algorithm) yang digunakan dalam projek ini adalah Unjuran Belakang Linear (Linear Back Projection LBP) yang konvensional tetapi efektif. Kata kunci: Proses Tomografi Kapasitan, pembahagian api yang terbakar, Unjuran Belakang Linear, tidak intrusif, Visual Basic The specific characteristic of tomographic measurement is its proven ability to interrogate the dynamic state of a process condition within a unit operation such as a mixing vessel or conveyor without interfering with the process itself. This is achieved using noninvasive sensors along a cross–sectional boundary of the process equipment. Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) is a non–intrusive technique for obtaining information about the distribution of the contents of closed pipes by measuring variations in the dielectric permittivity of the material within the electrodes sensing region. An 8 electrode ECT sensor system with a graphical user interfacing (GUI) software programming has been developed by using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0. This system can be used to investigate the distribution of fire flame inside the vessel. Data from the hardware system can be acquired directly to computer through a microcontroller control unit to provide the cross sectional image of the fire flame. Image reconstruction algorithm used in this project is the conventional, but effective Linear Back Projection (LBP). Key words: Electrical Capacitance Tomography, fire flame, Linear Back Projection, nonintrusive, Visual Basic

scholarly journals Electrical capacitance tomography two-phase oil-gas pipe flow imaging by the linear back-projection algorithm

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-273
Author(s):  
J. C. Gamio ◽  
C. Ortíz-Alemán ◽  
R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Pipe Flow ◽  
Projection Algorithm ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Flow Imaging ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Linear Back Projection ◽  
Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Oil Gas

La Tomografía de Capacitancia Eléctrica (TCE) es una nueva tecnología capaz de lidiar con la complejidad de la medición de flujos bifásicos de gas-aceite, derivando la distribución de componentes en dos planos adyacentes a lo largo de un ducto. Una de sus aplicaciones más prometedoras es la visualización de flujos de gas y aceite. TCE ofrece algunas ventajas sobre otras modalidades tomográficas: no hay radiación, una respuesta rápida, bajo costo, es una técnica no intrusiva y no invasiva, y la posibilidad de operar con altas temperaturas y altas presiones. El método denominado "linear back-projection (LBP)" es una de las técnicas más populares que se emplean en la reconstrucción de imágenes a partir de datos de tomografía de capacitancia eléctrica. A pesar de su pobre exactitud, es un procedimiento simple y rápido capaz de operar en tiempo real en muchas aplicaciones y ha permanecido como una opción muy popular. Sin embargo, desde que fue propuesto por vez primera ha carecido de un suporte formal, en el contexto de esta aplicación. Su única justificación radica en que es una adaptación de un método comúnmente empleado en la tomografía médica de rayos X, así como en el hecho de que produce imágenes útiles (aunque sólo "cualitativamente" buenas). En este trabajo se presenta una forma ilustrativa de interpretar el método LBP. Se muestra cómo el método LBP está basado en la linealización de una forma normalizada del problema directo. Más específicamente, el problema directo normalizado se aproxima mediante una serie de hiperplanos. La matriz de reconstrucción utilizada en el método LBP resulta ser una transpuesta "ponderada" del operador lineal (matriz) que define el problema directo normalizado. Los renglones de esta última matriz contienen la información de los mapas de sensitividades empleados en el método LBP.

scholarly journals Towards 3D-Electrical Capacitance Tomography for Interface Detection

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Clark ◽  
Giuseppe Forte ◽  
Mark J. H. Simmons ◽  
E. Hugh Stitt
Keyword(s):  
Binary Systems ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Conductive Material ◽  
Linear Back Projection ◽  
Capacitance Tomography

The application of three-dimensional electrical capacitance tomography (3D-ECT) for the in situ monitoring of a hard boundary or interface has been investigated using imaged phantoms that simulate real-life processes. A cylinder-in-tube phantom manufactured from polyethylene (PE), a low di-electric and non-conductive material, was imaged using the linear back projection (LBP) algorithm with the larger tube immersed at varying intervals to test the ability of the technique to image interfaces axially through the sensor. The interface between PE and air is clearly imaged and correlates to the known tube penetration within the sensor. The cylinder phantom is imaged in the centre of the sensor; however, the reduction in measurement density towards the centre of the ECT sensor results in reduced accuracy. A thresholding method, previously applied to binary systems to improve the imaged accuracy of a hard boundary between two separate phases, has been applied to the 3D-ECT tomograms that represent the PE phantom. This approach has been shown to improve the accuracy of the acquired image of a cylinder of air within a non-conductive PE tube.

Image Fusion of ECT/ERT for Oil-Gas-Water Three-Phase Flow

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Image Fusion ◽  
Electrical Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Three Phase Flow ◽  
Capacitance Tomography ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Image Fusion Method

The tomographic imaging of process parameters for oil-gas-water three-phase flow can be obtained through different sensing modalities, such as electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), both of which are sensitive to specific properties of the objects to be imaged. However, it is hard to discriminate oil, gas and water phases merely from reconstructed images of ERT or ECT. In this paper, the feasibility of image fusion based on ERT and ECT reconstructed images was investigated for oil-gas-water three-phase flow. Two cases were discussed and pixel-based image fusion method was presented. Simulation results showed that the cross-sectional reconstruction images of oil-gas-water three-phase flow can be obtained using the presented methods.

Suitability of Eutectic Field’s Metal for Use in an Electromagnetohydrodynamically-Enhanced Experimental Two-Phase Flow Loop

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lipchitz ◽  
Lilian Laurent ◽  
G. D. Harvel
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Two Phase Flow ◽  
Nuclear Reactors ◽  
Liquid Metals ◽  
Metal Flow ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Fast Reactors ◽  
Two Phase

Several Generation IV nuclear reactors, such as sodium fast reactors and lead-bismuth fast reactors, use liquid metal as a coolant. In order to better understand and improve the thermal hydraulics of liquid metal cooled GEN IV nuclear reactors liquid metal flow needs to be studied in experimental circulation loops. Experimental circulation loops are often located in a laboratory setting. However, studying liquid metal two phase flow in laboratory settings can be difficult due to the high temperatures and safety hazards involved with traditional liquid metals such as sodium and lead-bismuth. One solution is to use a low melt metal alloy that is as benign as reasonably achievable. Field’s metal is a eutectic alloy of 51% Indium, 32.5% Bismuth and 16.5% Tin by weight and has a melting point of 335K making it ideal for use in a laboratory setting. A study is undertaken to determine its suitability to use in a two-phase experimental flow loop enhanced by magnetohydrodynamic forces. The study investigated its reactivity with air and water, its ability to be influenced by magnetic fields, its ability to flow, and its ease of manufacture. The experiments melted reference samples of Field’s metal and observed its behaviour in a glass beaker, submerged in water and an inclined stainless steel pipe. Then Field’s metal was manufactured in the laboratory and compared to the sample using the same set of experiments and standards. To determine Field’s metal degree of magnetism permanent neodymium magnets were used. Their strength was determined using a Gaussmeter. All experiments were recorded using a COHU digital camera. Image analysis was then performed on the video to determine any movements initiated by the magnetic field forces. In conclusion, Field’s metal is more than suitable for use in experimental settings as it is non-reactive, non-toxic, simple to manufacture, easy to use, and responds to a magnetic force.

Bias errors induced by cross-talk in two-phase flow measurements

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danxun Li ◽  
Xingkui Wang ◽  
Qiang Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Cross Talk ◽  
Two Phase Flow ◽  
Phase Flow ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Measurements
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