scholarly journals Simultaneous Clamping and Cutting Force Measurements with Built-In Sensors

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Rezvani ◽  
Chang-Ju Kim ◽  
Simon S. Park ◽  
Jihyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensors ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Clamping Force ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Milling Operations ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Milling Forces

The intensity of the clamping force during milling operations is very important, because an excessive clamping force can distort the workpiece, while inadequate clamping causes slippage of the workpiece. Since the overall clamping force can be affected by the cutting forces throughout machining, it is necessary to monitor the change of clamping and the cutting forces during the process. This paper proposes a hybrid system in the form of a vise with built-in strain gauges and in-house-developed piezoelectric sensors for simultaneous measurement of clamping and cutting forces. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) sensors are fabricated and embedded in a layered jaw to measure the dynamic forces of the machine tool. A cross-shaped groove within the jaw is designed to embed strain gauges, which predominantly measure the static clamping forces. Sensor fusion technology combining the signals of the strain gauges and PZT piezoelectric sensors is used to investigate the interactions between cutting forces and clamping forces. The results show average errors of 11%, 17%, and 6% for milling forces in X, Y, and Z directions, respectively; and 19% error for clamping forces, confirming the capability of the setup to monitor the forces in milling.

An Experimental Study of Cutting Forces in High-Speed End Milling and Implications for Dynamic Force Modeling

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Mativenga ◽  
K. K. B. Hon
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Cutting Forces ◽  
High Speed ◽  
End Milling ◽  
Dynamic Force ◽  
High Speed Machining ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Milling Forces ◽  
Aisi H13 Tool Steel

The characteristics of high-speed machining (HSM) dynamic milling forces was investigated. Recent studies in chip segmentation are discussed. A Mikron 700 High-Speed Machining Center was used in the end-milling of AISI H13 tool steel using PVD TiN coated two flute micrograin carbide tools. Dynamic force signals were studied using a real-time data acquisition system for spindle speeds from 3,750 to 31,500 rpm for a 6 mm dia tool. Frequency domain studies were also carried out for a larger tool of 12 mm dia for spindle speeds between 10,000 and 40,000 rpm. The trend and frequency domain aspects of the dynamic forces were evaluated and discussed. The fundamental concept of modeling cutting forces based on chip morphology is revisited. A new basis for modeling dynamic forces from the static component and harmonic contributions is presented. This approach for modeling the dynamic HSM force signal accounts for secondary harmonics.

Monitoring Fatigue Crack Growth in Fracture Mechanics Specimens with Piezoelectric Sensors

2013 ◽  
Vol 758 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Antonio Lopes Gama ◽  
Sergio Ricardo Kokay Morikawa
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Crack ◽  
Fracture Mechanics ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Compact Tension ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Crack Edge ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensors ◽  
Dynamic Strain

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the application of piezoelectric dynamic strain sensors for monitoring the crack growth in fracture mechanics specimens. The performance of the piezoelectric sensors was assessed through fatigue crack propagation tests in three point bend (TPB) specimens and compact tension (CT) specimens. Piezoelectric sensors of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) were placed close to the crack edge of TPB specimens and piezoelectric polyvinilidene fluoride polymer (PVDF) was bonded to the back face of CT specimens. The piezoelectric sensors detect the crack growth by monitoring changes in the dynamic strain field of the specimen. In its simplest mode, the piezoelectric sensors behave like dynamic strain gages, with the main advantage of having a high sensitivity which allows detection of lower strain levels and lower increase in crack length.

scholarly journals A Comparison between Piezoelectric Sensors Applied to Multiple Partial Discharge Detection by Advanced Signal Processing Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Binotto ◽  
Bruno Albuquerque de Castro ◽  
Vitor Vecina dos Santos ◽  
Jorge Alfredo Ardila Rey ◽  
André Luiz Andreoli
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Failure Detection ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensors ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Total Failure ◽  
Short Time

The development of sensors applied to failure detection systems for power transformers is a critical concern since this device stands out as a strategic component of the electric power system. Among the most common issues is the presence of partial discharges (PDs) in the insulation system of the transformer, which can lead the device to total failure. Aiming to prevent unexpected damages, several PD monitoring approaches have been developed. One of the most promising is the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique, which captures the acoustic signals generated by PDs using piezoelectric sensors. Although many studies have proved the effectiveness of AE, most signal processing approaches are strictly related to the frequency analysis of PD signals, which can hide important information such as the repetition rate of the failure. This article presents a comparison between two types of piezoelectric transducers: the microfiber composite (MFC) and the lead zirconate titanate (PZT). To ensure the detection of multiple PDs, time–frequency analysis was carried out by short-time Fourier transform (STFT). Intending to compare the sensibility of the transducers, the AE signals were windowed, and the root mean square (RMS) value was extracted for each part of the signal. The results indicate that spectrogram and RMS analysis have great potential to detect multiple PD activity. Although MFC was two times more sensitive to PD detection than the PZT sensor, PZT presents a higher frequency response band (0–100 kHz) than MFC (80 kHz).

scholarly journals COMSOL Multiphysics Simulation of Piezoelectric Sensor for Energy Harvesting from Railway tracks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 5446-5452
Keyword(s):  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensor ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Piezoelectric Sensors ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Wireless Sensor Nodes ◽  
Railway Tracks

An energy harvester using piezoelectric sensors is investigated and a model is simulated in COMSOL multipyhsics software to harness energy from railway tracks. In new energy conservative world, new ideas are needed to be implemented. The induced sound wave inside the railway tracks, as a result of rail wheel interaction, is of dynamic in nature. These waves are travelling in the railway tracks for short time of interval and can be easily harvested with the help of piezoelectric sensors and stored inside the batteries for later use. Now a day’s wireless sensor nodes are widely used for measurement of different physical quantities like temperature, humidity etc. and providing essential power to such devices, is a big problem. Energy harvesting from tracks can be used to power wireless sensor nodes installed near to railway tracks, tunnels, and rural areas near railway tracks. The Lead Zirconate Titanate PZT 5H piezoelectric sensors are used to simulate a model in COMSOL.

Convergent-bceam diffraction studies on lead zirconate titanate Ceramics

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 482-483
Author(s):  
M.L.A. Dass ◽  
T.A. Bielicki ◽  
G. Thomas ◽  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
K. Okazaki
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Direct Proof ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Subsolidus Phase ◽  
Pzt Ceramics ◽  
Subsolidus Phase Diagram ◽  
Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Cbd Method ◽  
Titanate Ceramics

Lead zirconate titanate, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), ceramics are ferroelectrics formed as solid solutions between ferroelectric PbTiO3 and ant iferroelectric PbZrO3. The subsolidus phase diagram is shown in figure 1. PZT transforms between the Ti-rich tetragonal (T) and the Zr-rich rhombohedral (R) phases at a composition which is nearly independent of temperature. This phenomenon is called morphotropism, and the boundary between the two phases is known as the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). The excellent piezoelectric and dielectric properties occurring at this composition are believed to.be due to the coexistence of T and R phases, which results in easy poling (i.e. orientation of individual grain polarizations in the direction of an applied electric field). However, there is little direct proof of the coexistence of the two phases at the MPB, possibly because of the difficulty of distinguishing between them. In this investigation a CBD method was found which would successfully differentiate between the phases, and this was applied to confirm the coexistence of the two phases.

Ion Beam Sputter Deposition Of Ferroelectric Oxide Thin Films

1991 ◽  
Vol 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas M. Graettinger ◽  
O. Auciello ◽  
M. S. Ameen ◽  
H. N. Al-Shareef ◽  
K. Gifford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Integrated Optical ◽  
Pzt Films ◽  
Ion Beam Sputter Deposition ◽  
Ferroelectric Oxide

ABSTRACTFerroelectric oxide films have been studied for their potential application as integrated optical materials and nonvolatile memories. Electro-optic properties of potassium niobate (KNbO3) thin films have been measured and the results correlated to the microstructures observed. The growth parameters necessary to obtain single phase perovskite lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films are discussed. Hysteresis and fatigue measurements of the PZT films were performed to determine their characteristics for potential memory devices.

Mathematical model to predict the characteristics of polarization in dielectric materials: The concept of piezoelectrcity and electrostriction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Dielectric Material ◽  
Strain Curve ◽  
Dielectric Materials ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Constitutive Law ◽  
Basic Material

Model was developed for the prediction of polarization characteristics in a dielectric material exhibiting piezoelectricity and electrostriction based on mathematical equations and MATLAB computer simulation software. The model was developed based on equations of polarization and piezoelectric constitutive law and the functional coefficient of Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) crystal material used was 2.3×10-6 m (thickness), the model further allows the input of basic material and calculation of parameters of applied voltage levels, applied stress, pressure, dielectric material properties and so on, to generate the polarization curve, strain curve and the expected deformation change in the material length charts. The mathematical model revealed that an application of 5 volts across the terminals of a 2.3×10-6 m thick dielectric material (PZT) predicted a 1.95×10-9 m change in length of the material, which indicates piezoelectric properties. Both polarization and electric field curve as well as strain and voltage curve were also generated and the result revealed a linear proportionality of the compared parameters, indicating a resultant increase in the electric field yields higher polarization of the dielectric materials atmosphere.

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