scholarly journals Development of a CO2 Sensor for Extracorporeal Life Support Applications

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 3613
Author(s):  
Michele Bellancini ◽  
Laura Cercenelli ◽  
Stefano Severi ◽  
Guido Comai ◽  
Emanuela Marcelli
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Extracorporeal Life Support ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Co2 Removal ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Membrane Oxygenator

Measurement of carbon dioxide (CO2) in medical applications is a well-established method for monitoring patient’s pulmonary function in a noninvasive way widely used in emergency, intensive care, and during anesthesia. Even in extracorporeal-life support applications, such as Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal (ECCO2R), Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO), and cardiopulmonary by-pass (CPB), measurement of the CO2 concentration in the membrane oxygenator exhaust gas is proven to be useful to evaluate the treatment progress as well as the performance of the membrane oxygenator. In this paper, we present a new optical sensor specifically designed for the measurement of CO2 concentration in oxygenator exhaust gas. Further, the developed sensor allows measurement of the gas flow applied to the membrane oxygenator as well as the estimation of the CO2 removal rate. A heating module is implemented within the sensor to avoid water vapor condensation. Effects of temperature on the sensor optical elements of the sensors are disclosed, as well as a method to avoid signal–temperature dependency. The newly developed sensor has been tested and compared against a reference device routinely used in clinical practice in both laboratory and in vivo conditions. Results show that sensor accuracy fulfills the requirements of the ISO standard, and that is suitable for clinical applications.

scholarly journals Comparison of Circular and Parallel-Plated Membrane Lungs for Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Elimination

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 398
Author(s):  
Leonie S. Schwärzel ◽  
Anna M. Jungmann ◽  
Nicole Schmoll ◽  
Stefan Caspari ◽  
Frederik Seiler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Co2 Removal ◽  
Circular Membrane ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Polypropylene Membrane ◽  
Removal Capacity

Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) is an important technique to treat critical lung diseases such as exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and mild or moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This study applies our previously presented ECCO2R mock circuit to compare the CO2 removal capacity of circular versus parallel-plated membrane lungs at different sweep gas flow rates (0.5, 2, 4, 6 L/min) and blood flow rates (0.3 L/min, 0.9 L/min). For both designs, two low-flow polypropylene membrane lungs (Medos Hilte 1000, Quadrox-i Neonatal) and two mid-flow polymethylpentene membrane lungs (Novalung Minilung, Quadrox-iD Pediatric) were compared. While the parallel-plated Quadrox-iD Pediatric achieved the overall highest CO2 removal rates under medium and high sweep gas flow rates, the two circular membrane lungs performed relatively better at the lowest gas flow rate of 0.5 L/min. The low-flow Hilite 1000, although overall better than the Quadrox i-Neonatal, had the most significant advantage at a gas flow of 0.5 L/min. Moreover, the circular Minilung, despite being significantly less efficient than the Quadrox-iD Pediatric at medium and high sweep gas flow rates, did not show a significantly worse CO2 removal rate at a gas flow of 0.5 L/min but rather a slight advantage. We suggest that circular membrane lungs have an advantage at low sweep gas flow rates due to reduced shunting as a result of their fiber orientation. Efficiency for such low gas flow scenarios might be relevant for possible future portable ECCO2R devices.

scholarly journals Immobilized Microalgae-Based Photobioreactor for CO2 Capture (IMC-CO2PBR): Efficiency Estimation, Technological Parameters, and Prototype Concept

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1031
Author(s):  
Marcin Dębowski ◽  
Mirosław Krzemieniewski ◽  
Marcin Zieliński ◽  
Joanna Kazimierowicz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Functional Model ◽  
Biomass Concentration ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Co2 Removal ◽  
Exhaust Gas ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Efficiency Estimation

Microalgae-mediated CO2 sequestration has been a subject of numerous research works and has become one of the most promising strategies to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. However, feeding flue and exhaust gas into algae-based systems has been shown to destroy chloroplasts, as well as disrupt photosynthesis and other metabolic processes in microalgae, which directly limits CO2 uptake. CO2 biosequestration in existing photobioreactors (PBRs) is also limited by the low biomass concentration in the growth medium. Therefore, there is a real need to seek alternative solutions that would be competitive in terms of performance and cost-effectiveness. The present paper reports the results of experiments aimed to develop an innovative trickle bed reactor that uses immobilized algae to capture CO2 from flue and exhaust gas (IMC-CO2PBR). In the experiment, ambient air enriched with technical-grade CO2 to a CO2 concentration of 25% v/v was used. The microalgae immobilization technology employed in the experiment produced biomass yields approximating 100 g DM/dm3. A relationship was found between CO2 removal rates and gas volume flux: almost 40% of CO2 was removed at a feed of 25 dm3 of gas per hour, whereas in the 200 dm3/h group, the removal efficiency amounted to 5.9%. The work includes a determination of basic process parameters, presentation of a developed functional model and optimized lighting system, proposals for components to be used in the system, and recommendations for an automation and control system for a full-scale implementation.

Biological treatment characteristics of benzene and toluene in a biofilter packed with cylindrical activated carbon

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.-W. Li ◽  
H.-Y. Hu ◽  
J.-M. Hao ◽  
H.-Q. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Filler Materials ◽  
Removal Capacity ◽  
Bacillus Spore ◽  
Maximum Removal

The biodegradation of toluene and benzene in a biofilter using cylindrical activated carbon as the filler materials was studied. Three gas flow rates, i.e. 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 m3/h, corresponding to empty bed gas residence of 75, 37.5 and 25 s, respectively, and total organic load lower than 400 g/m3.h were tested. The biofilter proved to be highly efficient in biodegradation of toluene and benzene, and toluene was more easily degraded than benzene. When each inlet load was lower than 150 g/m3.h, removal rate increased with inlet load and reached a maximum, which was 150 and 120 g/m−3.h for toluene and benzene, respectively. For inlet load higher than the maximum removal capacity conditions, the removal rate decreased with inlet load. Carbon dioxide concentration profile through the biofilter revealed that the mass ratios of carbon dioxide produced to the toluene and benzene removed were 2.15 g(CO2)/g(toluene) and 1.67 g(CO2)/g(benzene), which furthermore, confirmed the biodegradation performance in biofilter. The observation of biotic community demonstrated that the microbes consisted of bacillus, spore bacillus and fungi, of which the spore bacillus was dominant.

Hyperbaric Testing of an Alternative Approach to Remove Carbon Dioxide From Underwater Life Support Equipment

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nuckols ◽  
S. Kolaczkowski ◽  
S. Awdry ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
D. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Co2 Absorption ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Water

Traditional CO2 absorption methods for underwater life support equipment use alkali metal hydroxide chemical beds — mostly calcium hydroxide — that have been shown to have poor absorption efficiencies at cold temperatures, and must be replaced at considerable trouble and expense on a frequent basis. With chemical utilizations as low as 20% in water temperatures of 2°C, these hydroxides do not lend themselves to applications requiring extended durations in cold water due to the inability to carry sufficient quantities of expendables. A joint research effort between Duke University and the University of Bath has verified the feasibility in laboratory trials of an alternative carbon dioxide removal method that intimately mixes seawater with breathing circuit gases within a packed bed of Dixon rings. Based on the results of these laboratory trials, two multi-path scrubber prototypes were designed and fabricated for unmanned testing. In March 2013, the hyperbaric performance of these prototype scrubbers was characterized over a wide range of gas and water flow rates when operating the scrubbers in counter-current (water flowing in the opposite direction as gas flow) and co-current (water flowing in the same direction as gas flow) fashion. Significant findings from these tests included the following: • Both scrubber prototypes were found to be capable of delivering exit CO2 levels below 0.5 vol% (surface equivalent) at respiratory rates up to 22.5 liters per minute and at depths ranging from 0 to 40 meters of seawater (MSW). • Negligible collateral O2 absorption was observed at surface pressure (exit O2 levels were typically above 20.2 vol%), and exit O2 levels were typically above 18.4% during testing at 10 MSW. • At surface pressure, both prototypes had significantly lower breathing resistances than design goals established by the U. S. Navy.

An In Vitro and In Vivo Study of the Detection and Reversal of Venous Collapse During Extracorporeal Life Support

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine P. Simons ◽  
Koen D. Reesink ◽  
Georgette V. Molegraaf ◽  
Theo van der Nagel ◽  
Monique M. de Jong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Extracorporeal Life Support ◽  
In Vivo Study

scholarly journals Carbon Dioxide Level in Neonatal Incubator: A Comparative Study of Two Baby Air Flow Input Methods in Incubator Chamber

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. p65
Author(s):  
R. Vardanjans ◽  
L. Cirule
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Stable Condition ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Level Versus ◽  
Infant Incubator ◽  
Co2 Level ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Preterm neonates often have to spend a long time in incubator which simulates necessary enviromental conditions to maintain patients in stable condition. Authors have found neglected problem with Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentration in newborn inhaled gas when using “oxygen hood” into infant incubator that has not been studied very closely. Methods in this experiement were carried out as condition monitoring while changing some parameters and positions. Results have shown that CO2 level is letally high in some aspects. Situation is alarming as CO2 level in incubator is not limited by current regulation, as IEC60601-2-19: 2009 +A1:2016. Currently the Incubator manufacturers declare that CO2 maximal concentration should be periodically checked by users, which are hospitals. Some commercially available incubators have the maximum allowed CO2 level 8000 ppm, which is much higher than recommended 2000 ppm CO2 level in indoor working place. There is no limitation of maximal level of CO2 using “oxygen hood”, which are specified in incubator operation manual. This paper goal is to show the correlation of CO2 level versus gas flow into oxygen hood.

scholarly journals Experimental research of the carbon circle features in “atmosphere – vegetation” system over the wetland area within the forest – steep zone in Ukraine using remote spectro- and gasometry under the global climate changes

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Vadim Lyalko ◽  
Galyna Zholobak ◽  
Stanislav Dugin ◽  
Oksana Sybirtseva ◽  
Stanislav Golubov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Activity Period ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Co2 Removal ◽  
Regional Warming ◽  
Vegetative Period ◽  
Concentration Changes

Operation of the indicators for the reliable regional carbon dioxide content in atmosphere is the important factor for the computer simulation of climatic changes at the appropriate scale. A goal is the experimental study of the processes for carbon dioxide gas exchange (photosynthesis and respiration) of wetland vegetation for the forest-steppe zone in Ukraine under recent climatic changes in order to determine the quantitative indicators for the CO2 removal rate from the atmosphere by this vegetation. For this the CO2 Qubit Systems s151 (Canada) are used to measure СО2 in air end spectroradiometer FieldSpec® 3FR (USA). This system has got the respiratory flow-through camber, where the test plant is placed. The CO2 concentration changes in this chamber are measured by IR gas analyzer for the certain timespan. Data are processed by LabProInterface. The results obtained for the main wetland plants (Carex riparia and Phragmites australis ) during the spring-summer vegetative period show that the growth of their productivity (CO2 removal rate from atmosphere) takes place only under the environmental temperature of 18-22 о С. Also, it is certain that the positive indicator for these systems is their appreciably longer photosynthetic activity period as compared with the different ecosystems due to the cooling effect of soil moisture in their habitat. It should be taking into account when the measures for minimization of regional warming effects are implemented with the maximally contributing to the reclamation and revivification of the wetlands.

A new rotary blood pump for versatile extracorporeal circulation: the DeltaStream™

Perfusion ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Göbel ◽  
A Arvand ◽  
G Rau ◽  
H Reul ◽  
B Meyns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracorporeal Circulation ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Extracorporeal Life Support ◽  
Pulse Generation ◽  
Ventricular Assist Devices ◽  
Blood Pump ◽  
Rotary Blood Pump ◽  
Rotary Pumps

Today, rotary pumps are routinely used for extracorporeal circulation in different clinical settings and applications. A review of these applications and specific limitations in extracorporeal perfusion was performed and served as a basis for the development of the DeltaStream®. The Delta- Stream® is a miniaturized rotary blood pump of a new and unique design with an integrated drive unit. Despite its small design, the pump maintains a sufficient hydraulic capacity, which makes the DeltaStream® very flexible for intra- and perioperative applications. It also opens the field for short-term ventricular assist devices (VAD) applications or use as a component in extracorporeal life support systems (ECLS). The DeltaStream® and, specifically, its impeller design have been optimized with respect to haemolysis and nonthrombogenicity. Also, the pump facilitates an effective pulse generation in VAD applications and simulates heart action in a more physiological way than other rotary pumps or roller pumps. Hydraulic and haematological properties have been tested in vitro and in vivo. In a series of seven animal experiments in two different setups, the pump demonstrated its biocompatibility and applicability. Basic aspects of the DeltaStream® pump concept as well as important console features are presented. A summary of the final investigation of this pump is given with focus on hydraulic capabilities and results from animal studies.

scholarly journals Preliminary In Vivo Testing of a Novel Pump for Short-Term Extracorporeal Life Support

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Spurlock ◽  
Kelly Koch ◽  
Daniel E. Mazur ◽  
Emilia M. Fracz ◽  
Robert H. Bartlett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Extracorporeal Life Support ◽  
Short Term ◽  
In Vivo Testing

In Vivo Testing of a Novel Blood Pump for Short-Term Extracorporeal Life Support

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. S148-S149
Author(s):  
N.R. Teman ◽  
D.S. Demos ◽  
B.S. Bryner ◽  
B. Faliks ◽  
E.M. Fracz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Support ◽  
Extracorporeal Life Support ◽  
Blood Pump ◽  
Short Term ◽  
In Vivo Testing
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