scholarly journals Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectral Imaging for Nondestructive Measurement of Internal Disorder in Korean Ginseng

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalit Mohan Kandpal ◽  
Jayoung Lee ◽  
Hyungjin Bae ◽  
Moon S. Kim ◽  
Insuck Baek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Quality Measurement ◽  
Spectral Imaging ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Infrared Transmittance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Novel Strategy

The grading of ginseng (Panax ginseng) including the evaluation of internal quality attributes is essential in the ginseng industry for quality control. Assessment for inner whitening, a major internal disorder, must be conducted when identifying high quality ginseng. Conventional methods for detecting inner whitening in ginseng root samples use manual inspection, which is time-consuming and inaccurate. This study develops an internal quality measurement technique using near-infrared transmittance spectral imaging to evaluate inner whitening in ginseng samples. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used on ginseng hypercube data to evaluate the developed technique. The transmittance spectra and spectral images of ginseng samples exhibiting inner whitening showed weak intensity characteristics compared to normal ginseng in the region of 900–1050 nm and 1150–1400 nm respectively, owing to the presence of whitish internal tissues that have higher optical density. On the basis of the multivariate analysis method, even a simple waveband ratio image has the great potential to quickly detect inner whitening in ginseng samples, since these ratio images show a significant difference between whitened and non-whitened regions. Therefore, it is possible to develop an efficient and rapid spectral imaging system for the real-time detection of inner whitening in ginseng using minimal spectral wavebands. This novel strategy for the rapid, cost-effective, non-destructive detection of ginseng’s inner quality can be a key component for the automation of ginseng grading.

scholarly journals Deep tissue near-infrared imaging for vascular network analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 1650051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kübra Seker ◽  
Mehmet Engin
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vascular Network ◽  
Vascular Imaging ◽  
Nir Light ◽  
Optical Region

Subcutaneous vein network plays important roles to maintain microcirculation that is related to some diagnostic aspects. Despite developments of optical imaging technologies, still the difficulties about deep skin vascular imaging have been continued. On the other hand, since hemoglobin concentration of human blood has key role in the veins imaging by optical manner, the used wavelength in vascular imaging, must be chosen considering absorption of hemoglobin. In this research, we constructed a near infrared (NIR) light source because of lower absorption of hemoglobin in this optical region. To obtain vascular image, reflectance geometry was used. Next, from recorded images, vascular network analysis, such as calculation of width of vascular of interest and complexity of selected region were implemented. By comparing with other modalities, we observed that proposed imaging system has great advantages including nonionized radiation, moderate penetration depth of 0.5–3[Formula: see text]mm and diameter of 1[Formula: see text]mm, cost-effective and algorithmic simplicity for analysis.

scholarly journals Anatomical Study of Saphenous Nerve and Great Saphenous Vein Using a Peripheral Vein Illumination Device and Ultrasonography

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011419S0032
Author(s):  
Yuki Ota ◽  
Tomoyuki Nakasa ◽  
Yasunari Ikuta ◽  
Yusuke Tsuyuguchi ◽  
Munekazu Kanemitsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Nerve Block ◽  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Saphenous Nerve ◽  
Skin Marker ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Category: Ankle, Basic Sciences/Biologics Introduction/Purpose: Usefulness of ultrasonographic guided saphenous nerve block is well known for perioperative pain management of foot and ankle surgery. However, in some cases it may be impossible to identify the saphenous nerve, especially women or obese patients, so successful rate of ultrasonographic guided saphenous nerve block was reported 70 to 80%. Previous reports demonstrated that the saphenous nerve is running adjacent to the greater saphenous vein, which suggests that the greater saphenous vein can be an indicator to identify the saphenous nerve. The purpose of this study was to examine anatomical relationship between the saphenous nerve and the greater saphenous vein which is depicted using the near-infrared (NIR) vascular imaging system, the Vein Viewer Flex®. Methods: Thirty legs as 15 healthy subjects (13 males, 2 females) were included in this study. Average age was 34.2 ± 3.2 years old. In a supine position, the knee joint was flexed 60 degrees with mild flexion, abduction, and external rotation of the hip joint, and the greater saphenous vein was depicted using the Vein Viewer Flex® on the skin of the lower extremity. The vein visualized as a green light was then marked using the skin marker. (Figure 1). After marking the greater saphenous vein, the greater saphenous vein and saphenous nerve were identified under ultrasonography at 5 cm distal from the medial knee joint space (Figure 2). The distance between the greater saphenous vein which was marked using the Vein Viewer Flex® and the saphenous nerve was measured in the ultrasonography images. The circumference of the leg (COL) was also measured. Results: The course of the greater saphenous vein could be depicted by the Vein Viewer Flex® in all cases, and it was confirmed by ultrasonography. It was confirmed that the saphenous nerve was located under the sartorius fascia and it was running posteromedially in parallel of the greater saphenous vein. The mean distance from the saphenous nerve and the greater saphenous vein was 7.9 ± 2.7 mm. There was no significant difference between left and right legs (right: 7.9±2.8 mm, left: 8.0±3.0 mm, P=0.95). The mean COL was 34.2 ± 1.9 mm, and there was a moderate positive correlation (r = 0.45). Conclusion: This study revealed that the saphenous nerve is running in parallel of the greater saphenous vein which can be depicted by the Vein Viewer Flex®. Ultrasonography after depicting greater saphenous vein enabled to confirm the saphenous nerve with certainly and noninvasive. These findings suggested that the combination of the Vein Viewer Flex® and ultrasonography enables the saphenous nerve block to be more reliable procedure even the saphenous nerve is hardly identified by the ultrasonography.

scholarly journals Non-Destructive Identification and Estimation of Granulation in Honey Pomelo Using Visible and Near-Infrared Transmittance Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Vision Technology

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 5399
Author(s):  
Xiaopeng Sun ◽  
Sai Xu ◽  
Huazhong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Vision ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Soluble Solid Content ◽  
Infrared Transmittance ◽  
On Line ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Juice Sacs

Granulation is a physiological disorder of juice sacs in citrus fruit, causing juice sacs to become hard and dry and resulting in decreased internal quality of citrus fruit. Honey pomelo is a thick-skinned citrus fruit, and it is difficult to identify the extent of granulation by observation of the outer peel and fruit shape. In this study, a rapid and non-destructive testing method using visible and near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy combined with machine vision technology was applied to identify and estimate granulation inside fruit. A total of 600 samples in different growth periods was harvested, and fruit were divided into five classes according to five granulation levels. Spectral data were obtained for two ranges of 400–1100 nm and 900–1700 nm by visible and near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy. In addition, chemometrics were used to measure the chemical changes of soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and moisture content (MC) caused by different granulation levels. Machine vision technology can rapidly estimate the external characteristics of samples and measure the physical changes in mass and volume caused by different granulation levels. Compared with using a single or traditional methods, the predictive performances of multi-category classification models (PCA-SVM and PCA-GRNN) were significantly enhanced. In particular, the model accuracy rate (ARM) was 99% for PCA-GRNN, with classification accuracy (CA), classification sensitivity (CS), and classification specificity (CSP) of 0.9950, 0.9750, and 0.9934, respectively. The results showed that this method has great potential for the identification and estimation of granulation. Multi-source data fusion and application of a multi-category classification model with the smallest number of input layers and acceptable high predictive performances are proposed for on-line applications. This method can be effectively used on-line for the non-destructive detection of fruits with granulation.

scholarly journals A Novel Illumination Compensation Technique for Multi-Spectral Imaging in NDVI Detection

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1859
Author(s):  
Rui Jiang ◽  
Pei Wang ◽  
Yan Xu ◽  
Zhiyan Zhou ◽  
Xiwen Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Radiation Intensity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Spectral Imaging ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Infrared Light ◽  
Ndvi Index ◽  
Led Arrays

To overcome the dependence on sunlight of multi-spectral cameras, an active light source multi-spectral imaging system was designed and a preliminary experimental study was conducted at night without solar interference. The system includes an active light source and a multi-spectral camera. The active light source consists of four integrated LED (Light Emitting Diode) arrays and adjustable constant current power supplies. The red LED arrays and the near-infrared LED arrays are each driven by an independently adjustable constant current power supply. The center wavelengths of the light source are 668 nm and 840 nm, which are consistent with that of filter lens of the Rededge-M multi-spectral camera. This paper shows that the radiation intensity measured is proportional to the drive current and is inversely proportional to the radiation distance, which is in accordance with the inverse square law of light. Taking the inverse square law of light into account, a radiation attenuation model was established based on the principle of image system and spatial geometry theory. After a verification test of the radiation attenuation model, it can be concluded that the average error between the radiation intensity obtained using this model and the actual measured value using a spectrometer is less than 0.0003 w/m2. In addition, the fitting curve of the multi-spectral image grayscale digital number (DN) and reflected radiation intensity at the 668 nm (Red light) is y = −3484230x2 + 721083x + 5558, with a determination coefficient of R2 = 0.998. The fitting curve with the 840 nm (near-infrared light) is y = 491469.88x + 3204, with a determination coefficient of R2 = 0.995, so the reflected radiation intensity on the plant canopy can be calculated according to the grayscale DN. Finally, the reflectance of red light and near-infrared light can be calculated, as well as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) index. Based on the above model, four plants were placed at 2.85 m away from the active light source multi-spectral imaging system for testing. Meanwhile, NDVI index of each plant was measured by a Greenseeker hand-held crop sensor. The results show that the data from the two systems were linearly related and correlated with a coefficient of 0.995, indicating that the system in this article can effectively detect the vegetation NDVI index. If we want to use this technology for remote sensing in UAV, the radiation intensity attenuation and working distance of the light source are issues that need to be considered carefully.

scholarly journals Hyperspectral Imaging Coupled with Random Frog and Calibration Models for Assessment of Total Soluble Solids in Mulberries

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Ru Zhao ◽  
Ke-Qiang Yu ◽  
Yong He
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Mulberry Fruits

Chemometrics methods coupled with hyperspectral imaging technology in visible and near infrared (Vis/NIR) region (380–1030 nm) were introduced to assess total soluble solids (TSS) in mulberries. Hyperspectral images of 310 mulberries were acquired by hyperspectral reflectance imaging system (512 bands) and their corresponding TSS contents were measured by a Brix meter. Random frog (RF) method was used to select important wavelengths from the full wavelengths. TSS values in mulberry fruits were predicted by partial least squares regression (PLSR) and least-square support vector machine (LS-SVM) models based on full wavelengths and the selected important wavelengths. The optimal PLSR model with 23 important wavelengths was employed to visualise the spatial distribution of TSS in tested samples, and TSS concentrations in mulberries were revealed through the TSS spatial distribution. The results declared that hyperspectral imaging is promising for determining the spatial distribution of TSS content in mulberry fruits, which provides a reference for detecting the internal quality of fruits.

Proper Light Array Design for the Optimum Nondestructive Evaluation of Fruit’s Internal Quality

2006 ◽  
Vol 321-323 ◽  
pp. 1201-1204
Author(s):  
Suk Won Kang ◽  
Kang Jin Lee ◽  
Jae Ryong Son
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Transmittance Spectrum ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Light Power ◽  
Infrared Transmittance ◽  
Non Destructive

This study was conducted to develop an accurate quality evaluation system based on optimized factors such as light source array and light power, which are used in non-destructive fruit sorter to obtain the internal quality information of fruits using the near infrared transmittance spectra. It is necessary to provide the proper design guide for the light source part in the existing non-destructive fruit sorters for apples and pears, and to measure the real-time near infrared transmittance spectrum without the leakage of light. The near infrared transmittance spectrum detection system was developed with the light source part which has the power-controllable 12 halogen lamps (100W/12V) with gold coating, light detection part, and transfer line. By using the accurate control of the voltage and current (maximum power is 1.2kW) in light power control part, it is concluded that the minimum power for the internal quality evaluation of apples and pears was over 0.5 kW. To prevent the leakage of light, the array of light source was rearranged and tested. Without changing the tray structure, it is concluded that the leakage of light can be prevented by the proper array of light source and power. For the irradiation for the moving apples and pears, 2 upper lamps and 4 lower lamps combination did not have leakage of light and the correlation coefficient of this combination shows the 0.90 for apples and 0.96 for pears.

Design and Fabrication of an Integrated Multi-Channel Optical Filter Working in Visible and near-Infrared Bands

2013 ◽  
Vol 289 ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Jian Jin ◽  
Si Di ◽  
Yu Pei Yao
Keyword(s):  
Medical Imaging ◽  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Optical Filter ◽  
Spectral Imaging ◽  
Vacuum Deposition ◽  
Infrared Band ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Channel Filter

Multi-channel optical filter can separate the target light so that it can be integrated in the multi-spectral imaging system for collecting the images in different spectrum. However, conventional multi-channel optical filter cannot work in visible band and near-infrared band simultaneously. This paper will present a novel method for fabricating the multi-channel filter which can work for the two bands. The method combines pigment-based colorant photoresist microlithography with traditional multi-film vacuum deposition technologies so that the filter has a high integrated level. The results of test show that the filter can be used for the wavelength range from 400 to1200 nm. Because of its wide working wavelength range, this optical filter has a great prospect of being applied in the fields of day and night surveillance, medical imaging, and so on.

Multi-Epitope Vaccines (MEVs), as a Novel Strategy Against Infectious Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-364
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mahmoudi Goumari ◽  
Ibrahim Farhani ◽  
Navid Nezafat ◽  
Shirin Mahmoodi
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Epitope Prediction ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Time Consumption ◽  
Preclinical Evaluation ◽  
Structural Evaluation ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Epitope Vaccines

Infectious diseases have caused historical pandemics in the world. Three strategies, including sanitation programs, antimicrobial drugs, and vaccines are considered for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Today, some infectious diseases cause millions of mortalities universally. Due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, as well as some limitations of traditional vaccines, focusing on novel strategies is essential. Multi-Epitope Vaccines (MEVs), as a novel strategy, have been designed based on immunoinformatics methods; epitope prediction by authentic servers, attachment of epitopes using proper linkers, physicochemical, immunological and structural evaluation by bioinformatics tools that are basic stages in MEVs designing. Advantages such as cost-effective, high safety, less time consumption in designing, the application of natural adjuvants, and satisfactory preclinical evaluation outstand MEVs than other types of vaccines. Therefore, MEVs are promising vaccines against resistant diseases such as lower respiratory infection and diarrhea.

scholarly journals Effect of leg wrapping technique on prevention of spinal induced hypotension and fetal acidosis during cesarean section: Randomized controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Samah Nasser Abd El-Aziz El-Shora ◽  
Amina Mohamed Rashad El-Nemer
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Induced Hypotension ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wrapping Technique

Background and aim: Hypotension during cesarean section (CS) under spinal anesthesia has been a subject of scientific study for more than 50 years and the search for the most effective strategy to achieve hemodynamic stability remains challenging. Aim: The study was carried out to apply leg wrapping technique for the prevention of spinal-induced hypotension (SIH) during CS.Methods: Randomized Controlled Trial design was utilized at cesarean delivery operating room Mansoura General Hospital in El-Mansoura City during the period from May 2018 to November 2018. A purposive sample of 88 pregnant women, assigned randomly to an intervention group (n = 44) in which their legs wrapped with elastic crepe bandage and control group (n = 44) in which no wrapping was done. Data collected for maternal, neonatal hemodynamic and signs of hypotension, the feasibility of application and cost analysis.Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of SIH and Ephedrine use among both groups (18.20% in leg wrapping group whereas 75% in control group). In addition, neonatal acidosis and NICU admission were less among leg wrapping group (11.40%, 9.10% respectively). Economically, leg wrapping technique was cost effective compared to the cost of the hospital regimen for treating SIH and admission to (NICU).Conclusion and recommendations: Leg wrapping technique was cost effective and an efficient method for decreasing SIH, neonatal acidosis and Ephedrine administration. It is recommended to apply leg wrapping technique in maternal hospitals' protocol of care for decreasing SIH during CS.

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