scholarly journals Mining-Induced Time-Series Deformation Investigation Based on SBAS-InSAR Technique: A Case Study of Drilling Water Solution Rock Salt Mine

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 5511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangbin Liu ◽  
Xuemin Xing ◽  
Debao Wen ◽  
Lifu Chen ◽  
Zhihui Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Water Solution ◽  
Dynamic Monitoring ◽  
Spatial Characteristic ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Salt Mine ◽  
Solution Mining ◽  
Drilling Solution ◽  
Sbas Insar

Compared to traditional coal mines, the mining-induced dynamic deformation of drilling solution mining activities may result in even more serious damage to surface buildings and infrastructures due to the different exploitation mode. Therefore, long-term dynamic monitoring and analysis of rock salt mines is extremely important for preventing potential geological damages. In this work, the small baseline subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR) technique with Sentinel−1A imagery is utilized to monitor the ground surface deformation of a rock salt mining area. The time-series analysis is carried out to obtain the spatial–temporal characteristics of land subsidence caused by drilling solution mining activities. A typical rock salt mine in Changde, China is selected as the test site. Twenty-four scenes of Sentinel−1A image data acquired from June 2015 to January 2017 are used to obtain the time-series subsidence of the test mine. The temporal–spatial evolution of the derived settlement funnels is revealed. The time-series deformation on typical feature points has been analyzed. Experimental results show that the obtained drilling solution mining-induced subsidence has a spatial characteristic of multiplied peaks along the transversal direction. Temporally, the large-scale surface settlement for the rock salt mine area begins to appear in September 2016, with a time lag of 8 months, and shows an obvious seasonal fluctuation. The maximum cumulative subsidence is detected up to 199 mm. These subsiding characteristics are consistent with the connected groove mining method used in drilling water solution mines. To evaluate the reliability of the results, the SBAS-derived results are compared with the field-leveling measurements. The estimated root mean square error (RMSE) of ±11 mm indicates a high consistency.

scholarly journals Application of Sentinel-1 and-2 Images in Measuring the Deformation of Kuh-e-Namak (Dashti) Namakier, Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 785
Author(s):  
Sen Zhang ◽  
Qigang Jiang ◽  
Chao Shi ◽  
Xitong Xu ◽  
Yundi Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Aperture Radar ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Synthetic Aperture ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Sbas Insar ◽  
Aperture Radar

Kuh-e-Namak (Dashti) namakier is one of the most active salt diapirs along the Zagros fold–thrust belt in Iran. Its surface deformation should be measured to estimate its long-term kinematics. Ten Sentinel-2 optical images acquired between October 2016 and December 2019 were processed by using Co-Registration of Optically Sensed Images and Correlation (COSI-Corr) method. Forty-seven Sentinel-1 ascending Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired between April 2017 and December 2019 were processed by using Small Baseline Subset Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (SBAS-InSAR) method. The deformation of Kuh-e-Namak (Dashti) namakier was measured using both methods. Then, meteorological data were utilized to explore the relationship between the kinematics of the namakier and weather conditions and differences in macrodeformation behavior of various rock salt types. The advantages and disadvantages of COSI-Corr and SBAS-InSAR methods in measuring the deformation of the namakier were compared. The results show that: (1) The flank subsides in the dry season and uplifts in the rainy season, whereas the dome subsides in the rainy season and uplifts in the dry season. Under extreme rainfall conditions, the namakier experiences permanent plastic deformation. (2) The “dirty” rock salt of the namakier is more prone to flow than the “clean” rock salt in terms of macrodeformation behavior. (3) In the exploration of the kinematics of the namakier via the two methods, COSI-Corr is superior to SBAS-InSAR on a spatial scale, but the latter is superior to the former on a time scale.

scholarly journals Constructing Adaptive Deformation Models for Estimating DEM Error in SBAS-InSAR Based on Hypothesis Testing

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2006
Author(s):  
Jun Hu ◽  
Qiaoqiao Ge ◽  
Jihong Liu ◽  
Wenyan Yang ◽  
Zhigui Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Deformation Model ◽  
Phase Time ◽  
Testing Theory ◽  
Sbas Insar ◽  
Deformation Models

The Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technique has been widely used to obtain the ground surface deformation of geohazards (e.g., mining subsidence and landslides). As one of the inherent errors in the interferometric phase, the digital elevation model (DEM) error is usually estimated with the help of an a priori deformation model. However, it is difficult to determine an a priori deformation model that can fit the deformation time series well, leading to possible bias in the estimation of DEM error and the deformation time series. In this paper, we propose a method that can construct an adaptive deformation model, based on a set of predefined functions and the hypothesis testing theory in the framework of the small baseline subset InSAR (SBAS-InSAR) method. Since it is difficult to fit the deformation time series over a long time span by using only one function, the phase time series is first divided into several groups with overlapping regions. In each group, the hypothesis testing theory is employed to adaptively select the optimal deformation model from the predefined functions. The parameters of adaptive deformation models and the DEM error can be modeled with the phase time series and solved by a least square method. Simulations and real data experiments in the Pingchuan mining area, Gaunsu Province, China, demonstrate that, compared to the state-of-the-art deformation modeling strategy (e.g., the linear deformation model and the function group deformation model), the proposed method can significantly improve the accuracy of DEM error estimation and can benefit the estimation of deformation time series.

scholarly journals Countrywide Monitoring of Ground Deformation Using InSAR Time Series: A Case Study from Qatar

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 702
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kemal Emil ◽  
Mohamed Sultan ◽  
Khaled Alakhras ◽  
Guzalay Sataer ◽  
Sabreen Gozi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Alos Palsar ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Temporal Correlations ◽  
Time Series Approach ◽  
Sbas Insar

Over the past few decades the country of Qatar has been one of the fastest growing economies in the Middle East; it has witnessed a rapid increase in its population, growth of its urban centers, and development of its natural resources. These anthropogenic activities compounded with natural forcings (e.g., climate change) will most likely introduce environmental effects that should be assessed. In this manuscript, we identify and assess one of these effects, namely, ground deformation over the entire country of Qatar. We use the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) InSAR time series approach in conjunction with ALOS Palsar-1 (January 2007 to March 2011) and Sentinel-1 (March 2017 to December 2019) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) datasets to assess ground deformation and conduct spatial and temporal correlations between the observed deformation with relevant datasets to identify the controlling factors. The findings indicate: (1) the deformation products revealed areas of subsidence and uplift with high vertical velocities of up to 35 mm/yr; (2) the deformation rates were consistent with those extracted from the continuously operating reference GPS stations of Qatar; (3) many inland and coastal sabkhas (salt flats) showed evidence for uplift (up to 35 mm/yr) due to the continuous evaporation of the saline waters within the sabkhas and the deposition of the evaporites in the surficial and near-surficial sabkha sediments; (4) the increased precipitation during Sentinel-1 period compared to the ALOS Palsar-1 period led to a rise in groundwater levels and an increase in the areas occupied by surface water within the sabkhas, which in turn increased the rate of deposition of the evaporitic sediments; (5) high subsidence rates (up to 14 mm/yr) were detected over landfills and dumpsites, caused by mechanical compaction and biochemical processes; and (6) the deformation rates over areas surrounding known sinkhole locations were low (+/−2 mm/yr). We suggest that this study can pave the way to similar countrywide studies over the remaining Arabian Peninsula countries and to the development of a ground motion monitoring system for the entire Arabian Peninsula.

scholarly journals Mechanism of groundwater inrush hazard caused by solution mining in a multilayered rock-salt-mining area: a case study in Tongbai, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Zeng ◽  
Tingting Shi ◽  
Zhihua Chen ◽  
Liu Xiang ◽  
Shaopeng Xiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rock Salt ◽  
Water Inrush ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Pollution Source ◽  
Groundwater Inrush ◽  
Solution Mining ◽  
Brine Leakage ◽  
Salt Mining

Abstract. The solution mining of salt mineral resources may contaminate groundwater and lead to water inrush out of the ground due to brine leakage. Through the example of a serious groundwater inrush hazard in a large salt-mining area in Tongbai County, China, this study mainly aims to analyse the source and channel of the inrushing water. The mining area has three different types of ore beds including trona (trisodium hydrogendicarbonate dihydrate, also sodium sesquicarbonate dihydrate, with the formula Na2CO3 × NaHCO3 × 2H2O, it is a non-marine evaporite mineral), glauber (sodium sulfate, it is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2SO4 as well as several related hydrates) and gypsum (a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with chemical formula CaSO4 × 2H2O). Based on characterisation of the geological and hydrogeological conditions, the hydrochemical data of the groundwater at different points and depths were used to analyse the pollution source and the pollutant component from single or mixed brine by using physical–chemical reaction principle analysis and hydrogeochemical simulation method. Finally, a possible brine leakage connecting the channel to the ground was discussed from both the geological and artificial perspectives. The results reveal that the brine from the trona mine is the major pollution source; there is a NW–SE fissure zone controlled by the geological structure that provides the main channels through which brine can flow into the aquifer around the water inrush regions, with a large number of waste gypsum exploration boreholes channelling the polluted groundwater inrush out of the ground. This research can be a valuable reference for avoiding and assessing groundwater inrush hazards in similar rock-salt-mining areas, which is advantageous for both groundwater quality protection and public health.

Dynamic monitoring of wetland cover changes using time-series remote sensing imagery

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lifan Chen ◽  
Zhenyu Jin ◽  
Ryo Michishita ◽  
Jun Cai ◽  
Tianxiang Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Dynamic Monitoring ◽  
Remote Sensing Imagery ◽  
Wetland Cover

scholarly journals The Huarhua Rock Salt Mine: Archaeological Implications of Modern Extraction Practices

2012 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Justin Jennings ◽  
Félix Palacios ◽  
Nicholas Tripcevich ◽  
Willy Yépez Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Rock Salt ◽  
Salt Mine

scholarly journals Monitoring the Vegetation Dynamics in the Dongting Lake Wetland from 2000 to 2019 Using the BEAST Algorithm Based on Dense Landsat Time Series

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4209
Author(s):  
Yaotong Cai ◽  
Shutong Liu ◽  
Hui Lin
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Vegetation Dynamics ◽  
Dongting Lake ◽  
Wetland Vegetation ◽  
Dynamic Monitoring ◽  
Interval Length ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Vegetation Changes ◽  
Temporal Validation

The dynamic monitoring and analysis of wetland vegetation play important roles in revealing the change, restoration and reconstruction of the ecosystem environment. The increasing availability of high spatial-temporal resolution remote sensing data provides an unprecedented opportunity for wetland dynamic monitoring and change detection. Using the reconstructed dense monthly Landsat time series, this study focuses on the continuous monitoring of vegetation dynamics in Dongting Lake wetland, south China, in the last two decades (2000–2019) by using the Bayesian estimator of abrupt change, seasonal change, and trend (BEAST) method. Firstly, the flexible spatiotemporal data fusion (FSDAF) model is applied to blend Landsat and moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) images on the basis of the input image pair selection strategy named “cross-fusion” to generate the monthly time-series normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with the spatial resolution of 30 m. Then, the abrupt changes, trend, and seasonality of the vegetation in the study area as well as the uncertainties of change detection are estimated by the BEAST method. Results show that there is a close relationship between the ground true data and the estimated changepoints. A high overall accuracy (OA) of 87.37% and Kappa coefficient of 0.85 were achieved by the proposed framework. Additionally, the temporal validation got the interval intersection of 86.57% and the absolute difference of mean interval length of 6.8 days. All of the results demonstrate that the vegetation changes in the Dongting Lake wetland varied spatially and temporally in the last two decades, because of extreme weathers and anthropogenic factors. The presented approach can accurately identify the vegetation changes and time of disturbance in both the spatial and temporal domains, and also can retrieve the evolution process of wetland vegetation under the influence of climate changes and human activities. Therefore, it can be used to reveal potential causes of the degradation and recovery of wetland vegetation in subtropical areas.

Activities of Musan Mine observed by Sentinel-1 Coherence Imagery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihyun Moon ◽  
Heejeong Seo ◽  
Hoonyol Lee
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
European Space Agency ◽  
Open Pit Mine ◽  
Mining Activity ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Open Pit Mining ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Mining Site

<p>Musan mine in North Korea is the largest open-pit iron mine in Asia with the proved reserves of about 2.06 billion tons and more than 9 square kilometers. Open-pit mining is one of the surface mining technique extracting minerals from the surface. Vegetation is rarely distributed at the mining site because the topsoil is removed and the ore is mined directly from the surface. Therefore, it is effective to observe surface displacement at the mining site using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology. InSAR coherence detects random surface change that measures the activity or stability of the interferometric phase of InSAR data. High coherence will be maintained on the surface where there is no movement and only surface scattering. On the other hand, the surface where there is a lot of movement and volumetric scattering has low coherence value. Therefore, using 12-days InSAR coherence images from Sentinel-1 satellites, for example, it is possible to analyze how active the open-pit mine is during the 12 days. Sentinel-1A satellite images were acquired from June 11, 2015 to May 24, 2016, followed by Sentine-1B satellite images from September 27, 2016 to April 21, 2019. A total of 102 SAR images were downloaded from European Space Agency (ESA) portal. There is a gap between May 24 and September 27, 2016 due to the transition of the data acquisition plan. Over 100 12-days coherence data were obtained by applying InSAR. Stable spots and target spots were selected through average and standard deviation of the entire coherence time series data. Coherence values include not only the mining activity but also the effects of perpendicular baseline, temporal baseline, and weather. Therefore, NDAI (Normalized Difference Activity Index) was newly defined to remove the noise and only the coherence value due to the influence of the mining activity was extracted. The degree of activities can be observed by the time series coherence and NDAI images. This study needs other references related to mining activities in order to analyze the mining activities in more detail. This method can be applied to other open-pit mine.</p>

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