scholarly journals Self-Organized Proactive Routing Protocol for Non-Uniformly Deployed Underwater Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (24) ◽  
pp. 5487
Author(s):  
Waheeduddin Hyder ◽  
Miguel-Ángel Luque-Nieto ◽  
Javier Poncela ◽  
Pablo Otero
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Destination Node ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Self Organized

Electromagnetic (EM) waves cannot propagate more than few meters in sea water due to the high absorption rate. Acoustic waves are more suitable for underwater communication, but they travel very slowly compared to EM waves. The typical speed of acoustic waves in water is 1500 m/s, whereas speed of EM waves in air is approximately 3 × 108 m/s. Therefore, the terrestrial wireless sensor network (WSN) protocols assume that the propagation delay is negligible. Hence, reactive protocols are deemed acceptable for WSNs. Other important issues related to underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are determining the position of the underwater nodes and keeping a time synchronization among the nodes. Underwater nodes can neither determine their position nor synchronize using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) because of the short penetration of EM waves in sea water. The limited mobility of UWSN nodes and variation in the propagation speed of acoustic waves make time synchronization a challenging task for underwater acoustic networks (UASNs). For all these reasons, WSN protocols cannot be readily used in UASNs. In this work, a protocol named SPRINT is designed to achieve high data throughput and low energy operation in the nodes. There is a tradeoff between the throughput and the energy consumption in the wireless networks. Longer links mean higher energy consumption. On the other hand, the number of relay nodes or hops between the source node and the final destination node is a key factor which affects the throughput. Each hop increases the delay in the packet forwarding and, as a result, decreases the throughput. Hence, energy consumption requires the nearest nodes to be chosen as forwarding nodes, whereas the throughput requires the farthest node to be selected to minimize the number of hops. SPRINT is a cross-layer, self-organized, proactive protocol which does not require positioning equipment to determine the location of the node. The routing path from the node to the gateway is formed based on the distance. The data sending node prefers to choose the neighbor node which is closest to it. The distance is measured by the signal strength between the two nodes.

Research on Time Synchronization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks

2011 ◽  
Vol 403-408 ◽  
pp. 1397-1400
Author(s):  
Ping Wang ◽  
Shi Wu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Synchronization Algorithm ◽  
Lower Complexity ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption

Time synchronization is important for many applications in Wireless Sensor Networks, how to improve synchronization precision and reduce energy consumption are the two important aspects in Wireless Sensor Networks. In this paper, first, we introduce the TPSN and DMTS algorithms, after analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of both. Make use of two algorithms have been integrated. We proposed a DMSN time synchronization algorithm. Experiments show that ,comparing with the TPSN algorithm, DMSN algorithm has lower complexity and energy consumption．It can be easily applied in Wireless Sensor Networks．

Cooperative Time Synchronization Based on Mining Wireless Sensor Network

2013 ◽  
Vol 811 ◽  
pp. 501-507
Author(s):  
Qin Xue
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Mine Safety ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Cooperative Relay ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Synchronization Method

With the energy market demand increasing, coal mine safety production monitoring system based on wireless sensor network has been widely used. The traditional wireless sensor network synchronization method based on packet switching is very difficult to achieve synchronization accuracy and energy consumption at the same time. Paper presents a cooperative time synchronization method based on packet message exchange (CTS), Analysis of synchronous packet information interaction process, the introduction of cooperative relay will not change the synchronization precision. Synchronous grouping information for sending and receiving ends for receiving and forwarding to reduce the transmission power, reduce energy consumption through cooperative relay. Theoretical analysis and computer simulation show that in the condition of not reducing the synchronization precision, it can achieve the purpose of reducing energy consumption by introducing the cooperative relay in the horizon channel model can reach 4 times the energy efficiency.

scholarly journals Implementation of Enhanced AODV based Self-Organized Tree for Energy Balanced Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1926-1933
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Energy Balanced Routing

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are gaining attention in numerous fields with the advent of embedded systems and IoT. Wireless sensors are deployed in environmental conditions where human intervention is less or eliminated. Since these are not human monitored, powering and maintaining the energy of the node is a challenging issue. The main research hotspot in WSN is energy consumption. As energy drains faster, the network lifetime also decreases. Self-Organizing Networks (SON) are just the solution for the above-discussed problem. Self-organizing networks can automatically configure themselves, find an optimalsolution, diagnose and self-heal to some extent. In this work, “Implementation of Enhanced AODV based Self-Organized Tree for Energy Balanced Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks” is introduced which uses self-organization to balance energy and thus reduce energy consumption. This protocol uses combination of number of neighboring nodes and residual energy as the criteria for efficient cluster head election to form a tree-based cluster structure. Threshold for residual energy and distance are defined to decide the path of the data transmission which is energy efficient. The improvement made in choosing robust parameters for cluster head election and efficient data transmission results in lesser energy consumption. The implementation of the proposed protocol is carried out in NS2 environment. The experiment is conducted by varying the node density as 20, 40 and 60 nodes and with two pause times 5ms, 10ms. The analysis of the result indicates that the new system consumes 17.6% less energy than the existing system. The routing load, network lifetime metrics show better values than the existing system.

scholarly journals Capacity Estimation of the Very Short-Range Electromagnetic Underwater Channel Based on Measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús López-Fernández ◽  
Unai Fernández-Plazaola ◽  
Jose F. Paris
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Waves ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Movement ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Ergodic Capacity ◽  
Transmitter Power ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas

The significant attenuation experienced by electromagnetic waves in sea water is the main reason why acoustic waves are generally preferred in underwater communication. Nevertheless, acoustic waves have various drawbacks. For example, they are negatively affected by factors such as mechanical noise, slow propagation speed, and, particularly, low bandwidth, which leads to digital links at a lower bit rate. However, in short-range links, these problems can be overcome by reconsidering the use of electric current communications. For instance, data collected by remote-control vehicles in offshore oil and gas and renewable energy plants can be transmitted at distances of even 1 m or less. This study uses previous frequency response measurements taken in deep water to explore the capacity of a short-range electromagnetic underwater channel. Because of water movement, the nonstatic position of the vehicle when the transmission occurs means that the channel is regarded as randomly time-variant. A statistical model is proposed and the ergodic capacity is calculated for a 7 MHz bandwidth channel at distances ranging from 0.5 m to 5 m as well as for different values of transmitter power. The results of this study reflect capacity values of tens of kbps at distances of approximately 5 m to several Mbps at distances of less than 1.5 m.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Analysis of Consensus Time Synchronization Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niranjan Panigrahi ◽  
Pabitra Mohan Khilar
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Broad Area ◽  
Energy Consumption Analysis ◽  
Consensus Time ◽  
Synchronization Accuracy

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)  have received considerable attention in recent years because of its broad area of applications. In the same breadth, it also faces many challenges. Time synchronization is one of those fundamental challenges faced by WSN being a distributed system. Several approaches have been proposed in the last decade for time synchronization in WSNs. Recently, Consensus Time Synchronization (CTS) approaches are gaining popularity due its computational lightness, robustness and distributed nature. Though a rich set of CTS algorithms are proposed, their energy consumption has so far not been studied. Apart from synchronization precision, energy consumption should also be considered meticulously for time synchronization algorithms in energy-constraint WSNs. In this paper, a thorough energy consumption analysis is presented for some recent state-of-the-art CTS algorithms for WSN and tested by simulation. The simulation results will help in selecting an appropriate CTS algorithm that meets the requirements of synchronization accuracy and energy consumption for a specific WSN application.

scholarly journals Void Hole Avoidance for Reliable Data Delivery in IoT Enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshad Sher ◽  
Aasma Khan ◽  
Nadeem Javaid ◽  
Syed Ahmed ◽  
Mohammed Aalsalem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Destination Node ◽  
Transmission Range ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Due to the limited availability of battery power of the acoustic node, an efficient utilization is desired. Additionally, the aquatic environment is harsh; therefore, the battery cannot be replaced, which leaves the network prone to sudden failures. Thus, an efficient node battery dissipation is required to prolong the network lifespan and optimize the available resources. In this paper, we propose four schemes: Adaptive transmission range in WDFAD-Depth-Based Routing (DBR) (A-DBR), Cluster-based WDFAD-DBR (C-DBR), Backward transmission-based WDFAD-DBR (B-DBR) and Collision Avoidance-based WDFAD-DBR (CA-DBR) for Internet of Things-enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT, UWSNs). A-DBR adaptively adjusts its transmission range to avoid the void node for forwarding data packets at the sink, while C-DBR minimizes end-to-end delay along with energy consumption by making small clusters of nodes gather data. In continuous transmission range adjustment, energy consumption increases exponentially; thus, in B-DBR, a fall back recovery mechanism is used to find an alternative route to deliver the data packet at the destination node with minimal energy dissipation; whereas, CA-DBR uses a fall back mechanism along with the selection of the potential node that has the minimum number of neighbors to minimize collision on the acoustic channel. Simulation results show that our schemes outperform the baseline solution in terms of average packet delivery ratio, energy tax, end-to-end delay and accumulated propagation distance.

scholarly journals Edge Computing-Based ERBS Time Synchronization Algorithm in WSNs

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xianbo Sun ◽  
Yixin Su ◽  
Yong Huang ◽  
Jianjun Tan ◽  
Jinqiao Yi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Clock Skew ◽  
Synchronization Algorithm

In the practical application of large-scale photovoltaic module monitoring, adopting wireless sensor network (WSN) technology is a method worth researching. With increasing nodes in the wireless sensor network, widely existing clock skew, increased geometrically, is bringing about greater energy consumption. Due to the random distribution of nodes, in order to improve the transmission efficiency and reduce the computational load of the coordinator, the node processor needs to the use edge computing for preliminary analysis. This paper puts forward an improved energy-efficient reference broadcast synchronization algorithm (ERBS). This algorithm firstly calculates the average phase offset of nonadjacent nodes in the network after receiving a message. It then uses the least square method to solve the clock skew to achieve high-precision synchronization of the whole network. Simulation results show that compared with RBS, the time synchronization precision of ERBS is greatly improved and synchronization times are greatly reduced, decreasing energy consumption significantly.

Grade Diffusion Algorithm

2013 ◽  
Vol 284-287 ◽  
pp. 2064-2068
Author(s):  
Jiun Huei Ho ◽  
Hong Chi Shih ◽  
Bin Yih Liao ◽  
Jeng Shyang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Transmission Loss ◽  
Transmission Problem ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Destination Node ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Loading Problem

In this paper, a grade diffusion algorithm is proposed to solve the sensor node’s transmission problem and the sensor node’s loading problem in wireless sensor networks by to arrange the sensor node’s routing. In addition to them, the sensor node also can save some backup nodes to reduce the energy consumption for the re-looking routing by our proposed algorithm in case the sensor node’s routing is broken. In the simulation, the grade diffusion algorithm can save 28.66% energy and increase 76.39% lift time than the tradition algorithms for sensor node. Moreover, our proposed algorithm has the less data package transmission loss and the hop count than the tradition algorithms in our simulate setting. Hence, in addition to balance the sensor node’s loading and reduce the energy consumption, our algorithm can send the data package to destination node quickly and correctly.

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