scholarly journals Void Hole Avoidance for Reliable Data Delivery in IoT Enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 3271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshad Sher ◽  
Aasma Khan ◽  
Nadeem Javaid ◽  
Syed Ahmed ◽  
Mohammed Aalsalem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Destination Node ◽  
Transmission Range ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Due to the limited availability of battery power of the acoustic node, an efficient utilization is desired. Additionally, the aquatic environment is harsh; therefore, the battery cannot be replaced, which leaves the network prone to sudden failures. Thus, an efficient node battery dissipation is required to prolong the network lifespan and optimize the available resources. In this paper, we propose four schemes: Adaptive transmission range in WDFAD-Depth-Based Routing (DBR) (A-DBR), Cluster-based WDFAD-DBR (C-DBR), Backward transmission-based WDFAD-DBR (B-DBR) and Collision Avoidance-based WDFAD-DBR (CA-DBR) for Internet of Things-enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (IoT, UWSNs). A-DBR adaptively adjusts its transmission range to avoid the void node for forwarding data packets at the sink, while C-DBR minimizes end-to-end delay along with energy consumption by making small clusters of nodes gather data. In continuous transmission range adjustment, energy consumption increases exponentially; thus, in B-DBR, a fall back recovery mechanism is used to find an alternative route to deliver the data packet at the destination node with minimal energy dissipation; whereas, CA-DBR uses a fall back mechanism along with the selection of the potential node that has the minimum number of neighbors to minimize collision on the acoustic channel. Simulation results show that our schemes outperform the baseline solution in terms of average packet delivery ratio, energy tax, end-to-end delay and accumulated propagation distance.

scholarly journals Adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 155014772095830
Author(s):  
Imran Ullah Khan ◽  
Mazhar Islam ◽  
Muhammad Ismail ◽  
Abdul Baseer Qazi ◽  
Sadeeq Jan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Base Angle ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

In the recent past, a significant increase has been observed in the use of underwater wireless sensor networks for aquatic applications. However, underwater wireless sensor networks face several challenges including large propagation delays, high mobility, limited bandwidth, three-dimensional deployments, expensive manufacturing, and energy constraints. It is crucial for underwater wireless sensor networks to mitigate all these limitations primarily caused by the harsh underwater environment. To address some of the pertinent challenges, adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding routing protocol is proposed in this article which is based on the adaptive hop-by-hop vector-based forwarding. The novelty of adaptive hop-by-hop cone vector-based forwarding includes increasing the transmission reliability in sparse sensor regions by changing the base angle of the cone according to the network structure. The number of duplicate packets and end-to-end delay is also reduced because of the reduced base angle and a smart selection criterion for the potential forwarder node. The proposed routing protocol adaptively tunes the height and opening of the cone based on the network structure to effectively improve the performance of the network. Conclusively, this approach significantly reduces energy tax, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio.

QoS Aware Multi-hop Multi-path Routing Approach in Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Omkar Singh ◽  
Vinay Rishiwal
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
End To End

Background & Objective: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consist of huge number of tiny senor nodes. WSN collects environmental data and sends to the base station through multi-hop wireless communication. QoS is the salient aspect in wireless sensor networks that satisfies end-to-end QoS requirement on different parameters such as energy, network lifetime, packets delivery ratio and delay. Among them Energy consumption is the most important and challenging factor in WSN, since the senor nodes are made by battery reserved that tends towards life time of sensor networks. Methods: In this work an Improve-Energy Aware Multi-hop Multi-path Hierarchy (I-EAMMH) QoS based routing approach has been proposed and evaluated that reduces energy consumption and delivers data packets within time by selecting optimum cost path among discovered routes which extends network life time. Results and Conclusion: Simulation has been done in MATLAB on varying number of rounds 400- 2000 to checked the performance of proposed approach. I-EAMMH is compared with existing routing protocols namely EAMMH and LEACH and performs better in terms of end-to-end-delay, packet delivery ratio, as well as reduces the energy consumption 13%-19% and prolongs network lifetime 9%- 14%.

scholarly journals An Energy Efficient Data Gathering in Dense Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Velmani ◽  
B. Kaarthick
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Amidst of the growing impact of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) on real world applications, numerous schemes have been proposed for collecting data on multipath routing, tree, clustering, and cluster tree. Effectiveness of WSNs only depends on the data collection schemes. Existing methods cannot provide a guaranteed reliable network about mobility, traffic, and end-to-end connection, respectively. To mitigate such kind of problems, a simple and effective scheme is proposed, which is named as cluster independent data collection tree (CIDT). After the cluster head election and cluster formation, CIDT constructs a data collection tree (DCT) based on the cluster head location. In DCT, data collection node (DCN) does not participate in sensing, which is simply collecting the data packet from the cluster head and delivering it into sink. CIDT minimizes the energy exploitation, end-to-end delay and traffic of cluster head due to transfer of data with DCT. CIDT provides less complexity involved in creating a tree structure, which maintains the energy consumption of cluster head that helps to reduce the frequent cluster formation and maintain a cluster for considerable amount of time. The simulation results show that CIDT provides better QoS in terms of energy consumption, throughput, end-to-end delay, and network lifetime for mobility-based WSNs.

scholarly journals Green Communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Triangle Metric Based Multi-Layered Routing Protocol

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7278
Author(s):  
Ahmad M. Khasawneh ◽  
Omprakash Kaiwartya ◽  
Jaime Lloret ◽  
Hayfa Y. Abuaddous ◽  
Laith Abualigah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Residual Energy ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we propose a non-localization routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), namely, the triangle metric based multi-layered routing protocol (TM2RP). The main idea of the proposed TM2RP is to utilize supernodes along with depth information and residual energy to balance the energy consumption between sensors. Moreover, TM2RP is the first multi-layered and multi-metric pressure routing protocol that considers link quality with residual energy to improve the selection of next forwarding nodes with more reliable and energy-efficient links. The aqua-sim package based on the ns-2 simulator was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed TM2RP. The obtained results were compared to other similar methods such as depth based routing (DBR) and multi-layered routing protocol (MRP). Simulation results showed that the proposed protocol (TM2RP) obtained better outcomes in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay.

scholarly journals Energy-efficient selection of cluster headers in wireless sensor networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 155014771876464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adem Fanos Jemal ◽  
Redwan Hassen Hussen ◽  
Do-Yun Kim ◽  
Zhetao Li ◽  
Tingrui Pei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Adaptive Clustering ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
End To End

Clustering is vital for lengthening the lives of resource-constrained wireless sensor nodes. In this work, we propose a cluster-based energy-efficient router placement scheme for wireless sensor networks, where the K-means algorithm is used to select the initial cluster headers and then a cluster header with sufficient battery energy is selected within each cluster. The performance of the proposed scheme was evaluated in terms of the energy consumption, end-to-end delay, and packet loss. Our simulation results using the OPNET simulator revealed that the energy consumption of our proposed scheme was better than that of the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy, which is known to be an energy-efficient clustering mechanism. Furthermore, our scheme outperformed low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy in terms of the end-to-end delay, throughput, and packet loss rate.

scholarly journals Design of an Optimal Distributed Energy Efficient Hybrid Optical – Acoustic Cluster Based Routing Protocol (EEHCRP) to Minimize the Energy Consumption in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-880
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Cluster Based Routing

For ocean exploration high speed data transmission is the emergent requirement. Acoustic sensor networks are available to support large distances but with lower data rates and also consume maximum energy. Optical networks can be used to support high speed data transmission but it cannot be used for larger distances. Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) suffer from large propagation delay, high bit error rates, limited bandwidth, uncontrolled node mobility, water current and limited resources. Hence there is an evolving requirement for design and use of an efficient routing protocol. In the proposed research, design of an Optimal Distributed Energy Efficient Hybrid Optical - Acoustic Cluster Based Routing Protocol (EEHCRP) to minimize the energy consumption in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks is considered. To overcome these problems we propose an Energy Efficient Hybrid Optical-Acoustic Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (EEHCRP). In this research work we study various network parameters like network throughput, network life time, average energy consumption, end to end delay and data delivery ratio for mobile nodes ranging from 50 to 500. It is observed that there is an average increase of 0.9% network throughput in the proposed EEHRCP protocol compared to CBE2R protocol. The network life time is increased to 51.2 seconds with a decrease in 0.93% of energy consumption and 0.48 % decrease in end to end delay in the proposed protocol EEHRCP compared to CBE2R protocol. There is an increase in 0.95% of data delivery ratio using the proposed EEHRCP protocol compared to E-CBCCP protocol.

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