scholarly journals Fluviograph Design Based on an Ultra-Small Pressure Sensor

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 4615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li ◽  
Duan ◽  
Chu ◽  
Yang
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Dynamic Monitoring ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Monitoring Point ◽  
Small Pressure ◽  
Error Range

Groundwater dynamic monitoring of assessment points and evaluation areas has a significant predictive effect for controlling the occurrence of disasters. Obtaining water level and water temperature change data can provide important theoretical significance and reference values. However, in some remote areas of China, the measurement data concerning water level change are mostly obtained by manual measurement. This measurement method not only wastes manpower, but also cannot ensure the accuracy and real-time nature of the data. Therefore, this paper carried out research and design on a fluviograph, based on the relationship between hydraulic pressure and water depth. In the paper, the fluviograph used ultra-small pressure sensors to complete the data acquisition of the water level, a STM32L011 single-chip microcomputer (STMicroelectronics, Geneva, Switzerland) to process the data, and LabVIEW software to display the final data. Additionally, the water level data record and water temperature information record can be fed back to the user and the manager. After laboratory testing, the water level variation error range of this fluviograph was 1–2 cm, and the water temperature error range was less than 1 °C, which indicates the accuracy of the metrical data. The results show that the fluviograph realizes the function of automatically recording the water level and water temperature of the monitoring point, and it improves the social production efficiency greatly.

scholarly journals Responses of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities of Two Tropical, High-Mountain Lakes to Climate Change and Deacidification

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Javier Alcocer ◽  
Luis A. Oseguera ◽  
Diana Ibarra-Morales ◽  
Elva Escobar ◽  
Lucero García-Cid
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Mountain Lakes ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Communities ◽  
High Mountain Lakes ◽  
La Luna

High-mountain lakes are among the most comparable ecosystems globally and recognized sentinels of global change. The present study pursued to identify how the benthic macroinvertebrates (BMI) communities of two tropical, high mountain lakes, El Sol and La Luna, Central Mexico, have been affected by global/regional environmental pressures. We compared the environmental characteristics and the BMI communities between 2000–2001 and 2017–2018. We identified three principal environmental changes (the air and water temperature increased, the lakes’ water level declined, and the pH augmented and became more variable), and four principal ecological changes in the BMI communities [a species richness reduction (7 to 4), a composition change, and a dominant species replacement all of them in Lake El Sol, a species richness increase (2 to 4) in Lake La Luna, and a drastic reduction in density (38% and 90%) and biomass (92%) in both lakes]. The air and water temperature increased 0.5 °C, and lakes water level declined 1.5 m, all suggesting an outcome of climate change. Contrarily to the expected acidification associated with acid precipitation, both lakes deacidified, and the annual pH fluctuation augmented. The causes of the deacidification and the deleterious impacts on the BMI communities remained to be identified.

scholarly journals Is hydrotectonics influencing the thermal spring in Eisensteinhöhle (Bad Fischau, Lower Austria)?

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-181
Author(s):  
Jonas Hardege ◽  
Lukas Plan ◽  
Gerhard Winkler ◽  
Bernhard Grasemann ◽  
Ivo Baroň
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Pumping Test ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Central Basin ◽  
Sandy Bottom ◽  
Vienna Basin ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Western Margin ◽  
Groundwater Levels

AbstractEisensteinhöhle is a 2 km long crevice cave that is significantly overprinted by hydrothermal karst processes. It was opened during quarrying in the Fischauer Vorberge, at the western margin of the Vienna Basin. This pull-apart basin cuts the eastern foothills of the Alps and is formed by a major NE-SW striking, sinistral transform fault. The western margin consists of NNE-SSW striking normal faults creating paths for thermal water to rise from the central basin. The deepest part of the cave, 73 m below the entrance, hosts a pond with 14.6 ±0.2 °C warm water that occasionally acts as a spring. The water level and temperature fluctuate and at a certain level, water visibly discharges into a nearby narrow fissure. As sporadic observations of the water level since 1992 gave no obvious connection to precipitation events, the connection to an aquifer and the origin of the water remained unknown. A pumping test, conducted on 13/7/2016, yielded a volume of the spring/pool of about 2.8 m3 that is fed by a very small inlet at the sandy bottom. At the time of the pumping test, the discharge was only 4.5 l/h but during previous overflow events, discharge values of up to 289 l/h were recorded.Water temperature and hydrochemistry hint towards a mixture of an old thermal component and a young meteoric component. During continuous monitoring of water level and temperature from October 2015 until November 2018, the water level was almost stable with few periods of high level (almost at overflow) that lasted for about 3 to 4 weeks each. The water temperature increased during most high stands and is positively correlated with the water level. Correlation of the high-resolution data on water level and temperature fluctuations with precipitation measurements at the nearest meteorological stations show a relation of water level to certain rainfall events and the sporadically taken long time records show a correlation with annual precipitation sums. Long-term observations also indicate a connection to groundwater levels in the Vienna Basin with a delay of about 8 weeks in Bad Fischau. In July 2017, the water level dropped suddenly and then recovered simultaneously in the time of several weak earthquakes in the vicinity. The data suggest that the spring in Eisensteinhöhle is influenced by precipitation. For one seismic event, there is a correlation with unusual water level changes at Eisensteinhöhle, but the rareness of earthquakes demands for a longer time series to confirm this observation.

scholarly journals Karst hydrogeology of Lamprechtsofen (Leoganger Steinberge, Salzburg)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Gröbner ◽  
Wolfgang Gadermayr ◽  
Giorgio Höfer-Öllinger ◽  
Harald Huemer ◽  
Christoph Spötl
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Tracer Tests ◽  
Karst Water ◽  
Stream Flows ◽  
Surface Precipitation ◽  
Mineralized Water ◽  
Show Cave

AbstractThe Leoganger Steinberge are a heavily karstified massif largely composed of Dachstein dolomite and limestone hosting the deepest through-trip cave in the world, Lamprechtsofen, whose frontal parts are developed as a show cave. Many parts of this 60 km-long and 1724 m-deep system are hydrologically active. 1.5 km behind the lower cave entrance Grüntopf stream and Kneippklamm stream merge to form the main cave stream. Another underground stream, Stainerhallen stream, flows through the eponymous hall of the show cave. Since 2007 water temperature, electrical conductivity and water level have been monitored in the Grüntopf and Kneippklamm stream. Water temperature and water level in the Stainerhallen and main cave stream have been measured since 2016.The long-term dataset (2013–2017) shows that the water temperature of the cave streams (Grüntopf stream: 3.7–5.2°C; Kneippklamm stream: 5.1–5.9°C) is largely invariant, but the electrical conductivity varies strongly (Grüntopf stream: 107–210 µS/cm; Kneippklamm stream: 131–248 µS/cm) in response to snowmelt and precipitation events. The event water of the Kneippklamm stream is characterized by a low electrical conductivity and is then followed by slightly warmer and higher mineralized water derived from the phreatic zone. This dual flow pattern also explains the asymmetrical changes of the water level during snowmelt: the fast event water flows directly through vadose pathways to the measurement site, whereas the hydraulic (phreatic) response is delayed. The Grüntopf stream reacts to precipitation and snowmelt events by changes in the karst-water table, which can be explained by a piston flow-model. The Kneippklamm stream reveals evidence of a lifter system.The altitude of the catchments was calculated using δ18O values of water samples from the underground streams and from surface precipitation. The Grüntopf stream shows the highest mean catchment (2280 m a.s.l.), which is in agreement with its daily fluctuations of the water level until August caused by long-lasting snowmelt. The Stainerhallen stream has the lowest catchment (average 1400 m a.s.l.). The catchments of the other two streams are at intermediate elevations (1770–1920 m a.s.l.). The integration of the catchment analyses and observations from tracer tests conducted in the 1970s showed that the latter reflected only one aspect of the karst water regime in this massif. During times of high recharge the water level rises, new flow paths are activated and the karst watershed shifts.

scholarly journals Determination of diurnal water level fluctuations in headwaters

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 888-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Marciniak ◽  
Anna Szczucińska
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Hyporheic Zone ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Water Level Fluctuations ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Diurnal Fluctuations

The aim of this paper is to study diurnal fluctuations of the water level in streams draining headwaters and to identify the controlling factors. The fieldwork was carried out in the Gryżynka River catchment, western Poland. The water levels of three streams draining into the headwaters via a group of springs were monitored in the years 2011–2014. Changes in the water pressure and water temperature were recorded by automatic sensors – Schlumberger MiniDiver type. Simultaneously, Barodiver type sensors were used to record air temperature and atmospheric pressure, as it was necessary to adjust the data collected by the MiniDivers calculate the water level. The results showed that diurnal fluctuations in water level of the streams ranged from 2 to 4 cm (approximately 10% of total water depth) and were well correlated with the changes in evapotranspiration as well as air temperature. The observed water level fluctuations likely have resulted from processes occurring in the headwaters. Good correlation with atmospheric conditions indicates control by daily variations of the local climate. However, the relationship with water temperature suggests that fluctuations are also caused by changes in the temperature-dependent water viscosity and, consequently, by diurnal changes in the hydraulic conductivity of the hyporheic zone.

Study on Liquid Volume Measurement Based on Wireless Transmission and Hydraulic Sensors

2012 ◽  
Vol 263-266 ◽  
pp. 392-397
Author(s):  
Jie Luo ◽  
Yun Hui Wang ◽  
Qian Wen Zhao ◽  
Hui Guo ◽  
Fei She
Keyword(s):  
Measurement System ◽  
Measurement Method ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Volume Measurement ◽  
Wireless Transmission ◽  
Liquid Volume ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
General Packet Radio Service ◽  
Service Module ◽  
Wireless Measurement

Based on hydraulic sensors and wireless transmission, a new wireless measurement method of liquid volume in a tank is introduced. This measurement system includes hydraulic pressure sensors, A/D converter, GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) module and upper monitor in a computer, from which the users can get aware of the liquid volume in a tank at any time. The measurement system has been built，calibrated and tested. The experimental results show that this measurement system works well and the measurement error is less than 1%.

Study on the Information Processing Technology of Deformation Monitoring Data in the Underground Engineering

2013 ◽  
Vol 353-356 ◽  
pp. 1555-1558
Author(s):  
Ke Wu ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Cheng Jun Wang ◽  
Chuang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Surrounding Rock ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Dynamic Monitoring ◽  
Information Control ◽  
Underground Engineering ◽  
Engineering Construction

The deformation monitoring of surrounding rock and data processing in tunnel is the foundation and safety technical support of underground engineering information control and management. However, due to the special environment in the underground engineering construction, acquiring the deformation information of surrounding rock accurately and fast to assess the stability of surrounding rock is becoming one of the bottleneck problems for underground construction project information to be solved. According to the underground engineering projects, Based on the dynamic monitoring data processing and analysis, a set of underground engineering construction monitoring measurement data processing system is established, which can meet the acquisition of the monitoring measurement data, the arrangement of the measured data, data analysis and feedback, the monitoring data regression analysis.

Numerical Study on Circulation and Thermohaline Structures With Effects of Icing Event in the Caspian Sea

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Kitazawa ◽  
Jing Yang
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Coriolis Force ◽  
Caspian Sea ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Water Current ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Volga River

A hydrostatic and ice coupled model was developed to analyze circulation and thermohaline structures in the Caspian Sea. The northern part of the Caspian Sea freezes in the winter. Waters start icing in November and ices spread during December and January. The northern part of the Caspian Sea is covered by ices in severe winters. Ice-covered area is at its maximum during January and February, and then ices begin melting in March and disappear in April. The occurrence of ices must have significant effects on circulation and thermohaline structures as well as ecosystem in the northern Caspian Sea. In the present study, formation of ices is modeled assuming that ices do not move but spread and shrink on water surface. Under the ices, it is assumed that the exchange of momentum flux is impeded and the fluxes of heat and brine salt are given at sea-ice boundary. The ice model was coupled with a hydrostatic model based on MEC (Marine Environmental Committee) Ocean Model developed by the Japan Society of Naval Architect and Ocean Engineers. Numerical simulation was carried out for 20 years to achieve stable seasonal changes in current velocity, water temperature, and salinity. The fluxes of momentum, heat, and salt were estimated by using measurement data at 11 meteorological stations around the Caspian Sea. Inflow of Volga River was taken into account as representative of all the rivers which inflow into the Caspian Sea. Effects of icing event on circulation and thermohaline structures were discussed using the results of numerical simulation in the last year. As a result, the accuracy of predicting water temperature in the northern Caspian Sea was improved by taking the effects of icing event into account. Differences in density in the horizontal direction create several gyres with the effects of Coriolis force. The differences were caused by differences in heat capacity between coastal and open waters, differences in water temperature due to climate, and inflow of rivers in the northern Caspian Sea. The water current field in the Caspian Sea is formed by adding wind-driven current to the dominant density-driven current, which is based on horizontal differences in water temperature and salinity, and Coriolis force.

Sludge thickening performance of mesh filtration process

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-S. Park ◽  
Y. Kiso ◽  
Y.-J. Jung ◽  
M. Simase ◽  
W.H. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mechanical Equipment ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Sludge Thickening

Small-scale wastewater treatment facilities play an important role in improving the aquatic environment in many countries. Although sludge treatment is essential for overall wastewater treatment, it is difficult for small-scale facilities to use mechanical equipment or other facilities. As the first step of the sludge treatment, it is important to develop a convenient sludge thickening process for small-scale facilities. In this work, we examined the sludge thickening performance of a mesh filtration system: the mesh opening sizes of 100-500 μm, and the sludge (3,000-9,000 mg-SS/L) was obtained from a domestic wastewater treatment facility. The filtration was carried out only under the hydraulic pressure between the water level and the effluent port connected to the mesh filter module. The sludge reduction rates were in the range of 85-95% for 6-7 h; the initial filtration rate was very high, but the rate decreased with a decrease in hydraulic pressure due to the reduction of the water level in the vessel. In addition, the effluents (passed through the mesh) contained very low SS and could be directly discharged into the environment.

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