scholarly journals Decoupled Six-Axis Force–Moment Sensor with a Novel Strain Gauge Arrangement and Error Reduction Techniques

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 3012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getnet Ayele Kebede ◽  
Anton Royanto Ahmad ◽  
Shao-Chun Lee ◽  
Chyi-Yeu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Error Reduction ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Calibration Error ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Force Moment ◽  
Sensor Measurement

In this study, a novel strain gauge arrangement and error reduction techniques were proposed to minimize crosstalk reading and simultaneously increase sensitivity on a decoupled six-axis force–moment (F/M) sensor. The calibration process that comprises the least squares method and error reduction techniques was implemented to obtain a robust decoupling matrix. A decoupling matrix is very crucial for minimizing error and crosstalk. A novel strain gauge arrangement that comprised double parallel strain gauges in the decoupled six-axis force–moment sensor was implemented to obtain high sensitivity. The experimental results revealed that the maximum calibration error, F/M sensor measurement error, and crosstalk readings were reduced to 3.91%, 1.78%, and 4.78%, respectively.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF 3-COMPONENT FORCE-MOMENT BALANCE FOR LOW SPEED WATER TUNNEL

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (28n29) ◽  
pp. 1575-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. LEE ◽  
N. L. WONG ◽  
S. SRIGRAROM ◽  
N. T. NGUYEN
Keyword(s):  
Axial Force ◽  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
Pitching Moment ◽  
Balance Design ◽  
Force Moment ◽  
Component Force

An effort is made to develop a new 3-component force-moment balance, which is capable of measuring lift force, drag force and pitching moment of a model mounted in the water tunnel. The concept used in the balance design is the bending- beam principle. The forces acting on the spring element cause strains on its surface, which are measured by strain gauges. Since strain yielded by the axial force is usually very small, therefore it is not practical to measure axial force using strain gauge directly to sense the strain in axial direction. The main idea of the new balance design is to translate all desired forces (lift and drag) in such a way that they yield bending strain at selected strain-gauge station. This is done by using a bending balance geometry. Under this apparatus, the model wing is mounted at one of its end to the bending balance. The corresponding Lift, Drag forces and Pitching moment are translated into moments at the other end of the balance, and can be measured from sets of strain gauges in bending mode (twisting mode for pitching moment). Example readings are presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Giant gauge factor of Van der Waals material based strain sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Yan ◽  
Huei-Ru Fuh ◽  
Yanhui Lv ◽  
Ke-Qiu Chen ◽  
Tsung-Yin Tsai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Mobility ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Van Der Waals ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Strain Sensors ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
High Flexibility ◽  
Small Deformations

AbstractThere is an emergent demand for high-flexibility, high-sensitivity and low-power strain gauges capable of sensing small deformations and vibrations in extreme conditions. Enhancing the gauge factor remains one of the greatest challenges for strain sensors. This is typically limited to below 300 and set when the sensor is fabricated. We report a strategy to tune and enhance the gauge factor of strain sensors based on Van der Waals materials by tuning the carrier mobility and concentration through an interplay of piezoelectric and photoelectric effects. For a SnS2 sensor we report a gauge factor up to 3933, and the ability to tune it over a large range, from 23 to 3933. Results from SnS2, GaSe, GeSe, monolayer WSe2, and monolayer MoSe2 sensors suggest that this is a universal phenomenon for Van der Waals semiconductors. We also provide proof of concept demonstrations by detecting vibrations caused by sound and capturing body movements.

scholarly journals Photogrammetric Digital Surface Model Reconstruction in Extreme Low-Light Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261
Author(s):  
Riccardo Roncella ◽  
Nazarena Bruno ◽  
Fabrizio Diotri ◽  
Klaus Thoeni ◽  
Anna Giacomini
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Image Quality Assessment ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Geometrical Information ◽  
Imaging Sensors

Digital surface models (DSM) have become one of the main sources of geometrical information for a broad range of applications. Image-based systems typically rely on passive sensors which can represent a strong limitation in several survey activities (e.g., night-time monitoring, underground survey and night surveillance). However, recent progresses in sensor technology allow very high sensitivity which drastically improves low-light image quality by applying innovative noise reduction techniques. This work focuses on the performances of night-time photogrammetric systems devoted to the monitoring of rock slopes. The study investigates the application of different camera settings and their reliability to produce accurate DSM. A total of 672 stereo-pairs acquired with high-sensitivity cameras (Nikon D800 and D810) at three different testing sites were considered. The dataset includes different camera configurations (ISO speed, shutter speed, aperture and image under-/over-exposure). The use of image quality assessment (IQA) methods to evaluate the quality of the images prior to the 3D reconstruction is investigated. The results show that modern high-sensitivity cameras allow the reconstruction of accurate DSM in an extreme low-light environment and, exploiting the correct camera setup, achieving comparable results to daylight acquisitions. This makes imaging sensors extremely versatile for monitoring applications at generally low costs.

Optimum Strain Gauge Application to Bladed Assemblies

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Szwedowicz ◽  
S. M. Senn ◽  
R. S. Abhari
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Algorithm Optimization ◽  
Rotating Blades ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Present Technique ◽  
Optimization Function ◽  
Rotating Impeller

Optimum placements of the strain gauges assure reliable vibration measurements of structural components such as rotating blades. Within the framework of cyclic vibration theory, a novel approach has been developed for computation of the optimum gauge positions on tuned bladed discs regarding the determined sensitivity, orthogonality, gradient and distance criteria. The utilized genetic algorithm optimization tool allows for an effective numerical search of suitable solutions of the defined optimization function. A rotating impeller disc represented by a cyclic finite element model demonstrates the application of this method. The present technique can be easily applied to other structural components requiring optimal strain gauge instrumentation.

Repeatability and Extended Time Stability Study of an Additively Printed Strain Gauge Under Different Load Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pradeep Lall ◽  
Jinesh Narangaparambil ◽  
Tony Thomas ◽  
Kyle Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Printed Electronics ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Temperature Limit ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Gauge Factor ◽  
Wearable Electronics ◽  
Strain Sensing ◽  
Sintering Conditions

Abstract Printed electronics has found new applications in wearable electronics owing to the opportunities for integration, and the ability of sustaining folding, flexing and twisting. Continuous monitoring necessitates the production of sensors, which include temperature, humidity, sweat, and strain sensors. In this paper, a process study was performed on the FR4 board while taking into account multiple printing parameters for the direct-write system. The process parameters include ink pressure, print speed, and stand-off height, as well as their effect on the trace profile and print consistency using white light interferometry analysis. The printed traces have also been studied for different sintering conditions while keeping the FR4 board’s temperature limit in mind. The paper also discusses the effect of sintering conditions on mechanical and electrical properties, specifically shear load to failure and resistivity. The data from this was then used to print strain gauges and compared them to commercially available strain gauges. By reporting the gauge factor, the printed strain gauge has been standardized. The conductive ink’s strain sensing capabilities will be studied under tensile cyclic loading (3-point bending) at various strain rates and maximum strains. Long-term performance testing will be carried out using cyclic tensile loads.

scholarly journals ОПТИМІЗАЦІЯ ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНИХ ЗАСОБІВ НАПРУЖЕНО-ДЕФОРМОВАНОГО СТАНУ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ ТЕНЗОДАТЧИКІВ

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Людмила Володимирівна Кузьмич ◽  
Дмитро Петрович Орнатський ◽  
Володимир Павлович Квасніков
Keyword(s):  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Strain State ◽  
Approximation Error ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Stress Strain State ◽  
Destabilizing Factors ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
The Mean

In the article, the principles of construction, design and mathematical modeling of deformation and stresses of complex technical constructions are developed with the help of strain gauges and strain gauges taking into account destabilizing factors, which allows to significantly reduce the level of errors in relation to existing measurement methods and known analogs.The method of digital compensation provides a more significant reduction in the errors of measuring transducers compared with the method of analog compensation. Features and technical indicators of this method are considered on an example of measuring pressure transducer with foil strain gauges.This method is universal, allows us to adjust not only the errors of the measurement channel nonlinearity and additional errors but also the errors associated with the effect of interferences of the general type due to ground resistance, which induces the connection between the measuring channels of the main and destabilizing factor.The disadvantages of this method include a significant amount of computations, which sharply increases with increasing order of approximating polynomials.The purpose is to develop a method and means of measuring stress-strain state using strain gauge, free from the above - mentioned shortcomings.The main destabilizing factors that limit the measurement accuracy using strain gauge are:- random processes (noises, obstacles, etc.);- changes in parameters of measuring transducers due to aging and physical degradation;- effects of external climatic and mechanical factors (temperature, humidity, etc.).The influence of the main destabilizing factors limiting the accuracy of the measurement of the stress-strain state of complex technical constructions with the help of strain gauges was analyzed, among which the influences of external climatic and mechanical factors are one of the most important ones. Regarding the systematic components, the most important in statistical measurements are the errors of nonlinearity and the temperature component of the error.For the study, two main alloys were taken, which today has the widest use as a material for strain gauges - it is constantan and karma. For these materials, the influence of the range of temperature changes, the spread of the values of temperature error on the mean-square value of the error of approximation by power polynomials was investigated.Using the NUMERY package, the dependence of the approximation error on the order of the approximating polyphony was determined. It is established that the mean square error value in the wide temperature range for both constantan and karma has a weak correlation with the order of a polynomial.

scholarly journals Fractional Control of a Lightweight Single Link Flexible Robot Robust to Strain Gauge Sensor Disturbances and Payload Changes

Actuators ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Saddam Gharab ◽  
Selma Benftima ◽  
Vicente Feliu Batlle
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Strain Gauge ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Singular Perturbation Theory ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Input State ◽  
Frequency Noise ◽  
Flexible Robot ◽  
Outer Loop ◽  
High Frequency Noise

In this paper, a method to control one degree of freedom lightweight flexible manipulators is investigated. These robots have a single low-frequency and high amplitude vibration mode. They hold actuators with high friction, and sensors which are often strain gauges with offset and high-frequency noise. These problems reduce the motion’s performance and the precision of the robot tip positioning. Moreover, since the carried payload changes in the different tasks, that vibration frequency also changes producing underdamped or even unstable time responses of the closed-loop control system. The actuator friction effect is removed by using a robust two degrees of freedom PID control system which feeds back the actuator position. This is called the inner loop. After, an outer loop is closed that removes the link vibrations and is designed based on the combination of the singular perturbation theory and the input-state linearization technique. A new controller is proposed for this outer loop that: (1) removes the strain gauge offset effects, (2) reduces the risk of saturating the actuator due to the high-frequency noise of strain gauges and (3) achieves high robustness to a change in the payload mass. This last feature prompted us to use a fractional-order PD controller. A procedure for tuning this controller is also proposed. Simulated and experimental results are presented that show that its performance overcomes those of PD controllers, which are the controllers usually employed in the input-state linearization of second-order systems.

scholarly journals Comparison analysis of using micrometers and strain gauges for measuring deformations and loads in the method of monitoring the stress-strain state

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
M. O. Lobovskiy ◽  
◽  
A. L. Tukkiya ◽  
P. A. Pyatkin ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Strain Gauge ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Strain State ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Strain Gauges ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Comparison Analysis ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Stress Strain State

The micrometer method for measuring deformations and loads in bar elements has proved to be effective not only in laboratory tests, but also in field tests on a real construction site. Having carried out a comparative analysis of the method proposed by the authors for monitoring the stress-strain state (SSS) with the strain gauge method which is widely used at present, the authors have proved that the method for measuring deformations and loads using a micrometer is not inferior in accuracy to the strain gauge method, although it is much cheaper.

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