scholarly journals A Practical Evaluation on RSA and ECC-Based Cipher Suites for IoT High-Security Energy-Efficient Fog and Mist Computing Devices

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 3868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Suárez-Albela ◽  
Paula Fraga-Lamas ◽  
Tiago Fernández-Caramés
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
Data Throughput ◽  
High Security ◽  
On Chip

The latest Internet of Things (IoT) edge-centric architectures allow for unburdening higher layers from part of their computational and data processing requirements. In the specific case of fog computing systems, they reduce greatly the requirements of cloud-centric systems by processing in fog gateways part of the data generated by end devices, thus providing services that were previously offered by a remote cloud. Thanks to recent advances in System-on-Chip (SoC) energy efficiency, it is currently possible to create IoT end devices with enough computational power to process the data generated by their sensors and actuators while providing complex services, which in recent years derived into the development of the mist computing paradigm. To allow mist computing nodes to provide the previously mentioned benefits and guarantee the same level of security as in other architectures, end-to-end standard security mechanisms need to be implemented. In this paper, a high-security energy-efficient fog and mist computing architecture and a testbed are presented and evaluated. The testbed makes use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.2 Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) cipher suites (that comply with the yet to come TLS 1.3 standard requirements), which are evaluated and compared in terms of energy consumption and data throughput for a fog gateway and two mist end devices. The obtained results allow a conclusion that ECC outperforms RSA in both energy consumption and data throughput for all the tested security levels. Moreover, the importance of selecting a proper ECC curve is demonstrated, showing that, for the tested devices, some curves present worse energy consumption and data throughput than other curves that provide a higher security level. As a result, this article not only presents a novel mist computing testbed, but also provides guidelines for future researchers to find out efficient and secure implementations for advanced IoT devices.

scholarly journals Clock Frequency Impact on the Performance of High-Security Cryptographic Cipher Suites for Energy-Efficient Resource-Constrained IoT Devices

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Suárez-Albela ◽  
Paula Fraga-Lamas ◽  
Luis Castedo ◽  
Tiago Fernández-Caramés
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
High Security ◽  
Efficient Resource ◽  
Security Levels ◽  
Computationally Intensive ◽  
On Chip

Modern Internet of Things (IoT) systems have to be able to provide high-security levels, but it is difficult to accommodate computationally-intensive cryptographic algorithms on the resource-constrained hardware used to deploy IoT end nodes. Although this scenario brings the opportunity for using advanced security mechanisms such as Transport Layer Security (TLS), several configuration factors impact both the performance and the energy consumption of IoT systems. In this study, two of the most used TLS authentication algorithms (ECDSA and RSA) were compared when executed on a resource-constrained IoT node based on the ESP32 System-on-Chip (SoC), which was tested at different clock frequencies (80, 160 and 240 MHz) when providing different security levels (from 80 to 192 bits). With every tested configuration, energy consumption and average time per transaction were measured. The results show that ECDSA outperforms RSA in all performed tests and that certain software implementations may lead to scenarios where higher security-level alternatives outperform cryptosystems that are theoretically simpler and lighter in terms of energy consumption and data throughput. Moreover, the performed experiments allow for concluding that higher clock frequencies provide better performance in terms of throughput and, in contrast to what may be expected, less energy consumption.

scholarly journals Nodal Level Adaptive Security for IOT-Enabled Sensors through Dynamic Reconfigurable Encryption

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 2574-2577
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Adaptive Security ◽  
Power Budget ◽  
Dynamically Reconfigurable ◽  
Dynamic Encryption ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Nodal Level

IOT-enabled sensors have been deployed in the wide area to perform various applications. Information security is an important aspect in wireless sensor networks. Since the attackers can be able to hack the information even at the node level, improved security mechanism have to be implemented. In this paper, nodal level security is done through dynamic encryption technique. The advantage of dynamic encryption is achieved by adaptive security. The proposed method involves a system-on-chip (SoC) design to provide a dynamically reconfigurable encryption methodology which leads to improved security level and also the energy efficiency. Dynamic encryption creates the confusion among the hackers about the tracking of security keys. The results shows that by dynamically selecting the encryption module through soft-core processor based on the available power budget, an energy efficient security solution is obtained for sensor nodes with reduced resources utilization.

scholarly journals An Integrated Heterogeneous Smart Agriculture System

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 7562-7564
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Wireless Sensors ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Cloud Server ◽  
Smart Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Regions

It is very essential to use smart agriculture in present days. This will solve various issues occur in agriculture. With Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensors and fog computing an integrated system providing the smart agriculture is running in present villages. Various issues are identified on this smart agriculture. Parameters such as irrigation scheduling and inefficient utilization of water resources are two of several ubiquitous parameters restricting production in many agricultural regions. To solve these issues, energy consumption of the sensors plays major role to send and receive the data on various parameters. In this paper, an integrated energy efficient sensors by using thermal imaging to maintain the constant data flow from sensors to fog and cloud server.

scholarly journals Energy-efficient hierarchical routing in wireless sensor networks based on Fog Computing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ademola Abidoye ◽  
Boniface Kabaso
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Hierarchical Routing

Abstract Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been recognized as one of the most essential technologies of the 21st century. The applications of WSNs are rapidly increasing in almost every sector because they can be deployed in areas where cable and power supply are difficult to use. In the literature, different methods have been proposed to minimize energy consumption of sensor nodes so as to prolong WSNs utilization. In this article, we propose an efficient routing protocol for data transmission in WSNs; it is called Energy-Efficient Hierarchical routing protocol for wireless sensor networks based on Fog Computing (EEHFC). Fog computing is integrated into the proposed scheme due to its capability to optimize the limited power source of WSNs and its ability to scale up to the requirements of the Internet of Things applications. In addition, we propose an improved ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm that can be used to construct optimal path for efficient data transmission for sensor nodes. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in comparison with P-SEP, EDCF, and RABACO schemes. The results of the simulations show that the proposed approach can minimize sensor nodes’ energy consumption, data packet losses and extends the network lifetime

scholarly journals Optimal Assignment of Augmented Reality Tasks for Edge-Based Variable Infrastructures

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Angel Cañete ◽  
Mercedes Amor ◽  
Lidia Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Augmented Reality ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Network Congestion ◽  
Feature Models ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Software Product ◽  
Edge Based

In the last few years, the number of devices connected to the Internet has increased considerably; so has the data interchanged between these devices and the Cloud, as well as energy consumption and the risk of network congestion. The problem can be alleviated by reducing communication between Internet-of-Things devices and the Cloud. Recent paradigms, such as Edge Computing and Fog Computing, propose to move data processing tasks from the Cloud to nearby devices to where data is produced or consumed. One of the main challenges of these paradigms is to cope with the heterogeneity of the infrastructures where tasks can be offloaded. This paper presents a solution for the optimal allocation of computational tasks to edge devices, with the aim of minimizing the energy consumption of the overall application. The heterogeneity is represented and managed by using Feature Models, widely employed in Software Product Lines. Given the application and infrastructure configurations, our Optimal Tasks Assignment Framework generates the optimal task allocation and resources assignment. The resultant deployment represents the most energy efficient configuration at load-time, without compromising the user experience. The scalability and energy saving of the approach are evaluated in the domain of augmented reality applications.

scholarly journals An Edge-Fog Secure Self-Authenticable Data Transfer Protocol

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (16) ◽  
pp. 3612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Algimantas Venčkauskas ◽  
Nerijus Morkevicius ◽  
Vaidas Jukavičius ◽  
Robertas Damaševičius ◽  
Jevgenijus Toldinas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Transfer ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Redundant Data ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
User Data ◽  
Constrained Devices ◽  
Transfer Protocol

Development of the Internet of Things (IoT) opens many new challenges. As IoT devices are getting smaller and smaller, the problems of so-called “constrained devices” arise. The traditional Internet protocols are not very well suited for constrained devices comprising localized network nodes with tens of devices primarily communicating with each other (e.g., various sensors in Body Area Network communicating with each other). These devices have very limited memory, processing, and power resources, so traditional security protocols and architectures also do not fit well. To address these challenges the Fog computing paradigm is used in which all constrained devices, or Edge nodes, primarily communicate only with less-constrained Fog node device, which collects all data, processes it and communicates with the outside world. We present a new lightweight secure self-authenticable transfer protocol (SSATP) for communications between Edge nodes and Fog nodes. The primary target of the proposed protocol is to use it as a secure transport for CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) in place of UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security), which are traditional choices in this scenario. SSATP uses modified header fields of standard UDP packets to transfer additional protocol handling and data flow management information as well as user data authentication information. The optional redundant data may be used to provide increased resistance to data losses when protocol is used in unreliable networks. The results of experiments presented in this paper show that SSATP is a better choice than UDP with DTLS in the cases, where the CoAP block transfer mode is used and/or in lossy networks.

Fog Computing and Its Role in the Internet of Things

2019 ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Angeline C. V. ◽  
Raja Lavanya
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Wireless Sensors ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Connected Vehicle ◽  
Location Awareness ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Computing Paradigm ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Fog computing extends the cloud computing paradigm to the edge of the network, thus enabling a new breed of applications and services. Defining characteristics of the Fog are 1) low latency and location awareness, 2) widespread geographical distribution, 3) mobility, 4) very large number of nodes, 5) predominant role of wireless access, 6) strong presence of streaming and real time applications, and 7) heterogeneity. In this chapter, the authors argue that the above characteristics make the Fog the appropriate platform for a number of critical internet of things (IoT) services and applications, namely connected vehicle, smart grid, smart cities, and in general, wireless sensors and actuators networks (WSANs).

scholarly journals Self-Calibrated Energy-Efficient and Reliable Channels for On-Chip Interconnection Networks

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Tsang Huang ◽  
Wei Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Interconnection Networks ◽  
Cmos Technology ◽  
Voltage Scaling ◽  
Scaling Technique ◽  
Coding Scheme ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Reliable Mechanism ◽  
Voltage Swing

Energy-efficient and reliable channels are provided for on-chip interconnection networks (OCINs) using a self-calibrated voltage scaling technique with self-corrected green (SCG) coding scheme. This self-calibrated low-power coding and voltage scaling technique increases reliability and reduces energy consumption simultaneously. The SCG coding is a joint bus and error correction coding scheme that provides a reliable mechanism for channels. In addition, it achieves a significant reduction in energy consumption via a joint triplication bus power model for crosstalk avoidance. Based on SCG coding scheme, the proposed self-calibrated voltage scaling technique adjusts voltage swing for energy reduction. Furthermore, this technique tolerates timing variations. Based on UMC 65 nm CMOS technology, the proposed channels reduces energy consumption by nearly 28.3% compared with that for uncoded channels at the lowest voltage. This approach makes the channels of OCINs tolerant of transient malfunctions and realizes energy efficiency.

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