scholarly journals Narrowband Characterization of Near-Ground Radio Channel for Wireless Sensors Networks at 5G-IoT Bands

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hicham Klaina ◽  
Ana Vazquez Alejos ◽  
Otman Aghzout ◽  
Francisco Falcone
Keyword(s):  
Channel Model ◽  
Fresnel Zone ◽  
Radio Channel ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Link Quality ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Radio Link ◽  
Tall Grass ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Log Normal

In this contribution, a narrowband radio channel model is proposed for rural scenarios in which the radio link operates under near-ground conditions for application in wireless sensor networks dedicated to smart agriculture. The received power attenuation was measured for both transmitter and receiver antennas placed at two different heights above ground: 0.2 and 0.4 m. Three frequency ranges, proposed for future 5G-IoT use case in agriculture, were chosen: 868 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz. Three ground coverings were tested in a rural scenario: soil, short and tall grass fields. The path loss was then estimated as dependent of the radio link range and a three-slope log-normal path loss model was tailored. Results are explained in terms of the first Fresnel zone obstruction. Commercial Zigbee sensor nodes operating at 2.4 GHz were used in a second experiment to estimate the link quality from the experimental Radio Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) received values. Two sensor nodes were placed at the same elevation above ground as in the previous experiment, only for short grass field case. The Quality of Service performance was determined in terms of theoretical bit error rate achieved for different digital modulations—BPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM—concluding remarkable results for an obstructed radio link.

scholarly journals Radio Channel Characterization in Dense Forest Environments for IoT-5G

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Peio Lopez-Iturri ◽  
Erik Aguirre ◽  
Mikel Celaya-Echarri ◽  
Leyre Azpilicueta ◽  
Alejandro Eguizábal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Multipath Propagation ◽  
Radio Channel ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Delay Spread ◽  
Radio Link ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Dense Forest

The attenuation due to vegetation can limit drastically the performance of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and the Internet of Things (IoT) communication systems. Even more for the envisaged high data rates expected for the upcoming 5G mobile wireless communications. In this context, radio planning tasks become necessary in order to assess the validity of future WSN and IoT systems operating in vegetation environments. For that purpose, path loss models for scenarios with vegetation play a key role since they provide RF power estimations that allow an optimized design and performance of the wireless network. Although different propagation models for vegetation obstacles can be found in the literature, a model combining path loss and multipath propagation is rarely considered. In this contribution, we present the characterization of the radio channel for IoT and 5G systems working at 2.4 GHz, focusing on the radio links blocked by oak and pine trees modelled from specimens found in a real recreation area located within a dense forest environment. This specific forest, composed of thick in-leaf trees, is called Orgi Forest and it is situated in Navarre, Spain. In order to fit and validate a radio channel model for this type of scenarios, both measurements and simulations by means of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching algorithm have been performed, offers as outcomes the path loss and multipath information of the scenario under study. A geometrical and dielectric model of the trees were created and introduced in the simulation software. The path loss was then estimated as dependent of the radio link range for two species of trees at 2.4 GHz. We concluded that the scattering produced by the tree can be divided into two zones with different dominant propagation mechanisms: a free-space zone far from the tree and a diffraction zone around the edge of the tree. 2D planes of delay spread value are also presented which similarly reflects the proposed two-zone model.

scholarly journals A Radio Channel Model for D2D Communications Blocked by Single Trees in Forest Environments

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 4606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imanol Picallo ◽  
Hicham Klaina ◽  
Peio Lopez-Iturri ◽  
Erik Aguirre ◽  
Mikel Celaya-Echarri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Channel Model ◽  
Radio Channel ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Delay Spread ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Isolated Trees ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Distance Model ◽  
Recreation Area

In this paper we consider the D2D (Device-to-Device) communication taking place between Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) elements operating in vegetation environments in order to achieve the radio channel characterization at 2.4 GHz, focusing on the radio links blocked by oak and pine trees modelled from specimens found in a real recreation area located within forest environments. In order to fit and validate a radio channel model for this type of scenarios, both measurements and simulations by means of an in-house developed 3D Ray Launching algorithm have been performed, offering as outcomes the path loss and multipath information of the scenarios under study for forest immersed isolated trees and non-isolated trees. The specific forests, composed of thick in-leaf trees, are called Orgi Forest and Chandebrito, located respectively in Navarre and Galicia, Spain. A geometrical and dielectric model of the trees were created and introduced in the simulation software. We concluded that the scattering produced by the tree can be divided into two zones with different dominant propagation mechanisms: an obstructed line of sight (OLoS) zone far from the tree fitting a log-distance model, and a diffraction zone around the edge of the tree. 2D planes of delay spread value are also presented which similarly reflects the proposed two-zone model.

scholarly journals Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Propagation Channel over Vegetation and Lake Areas: First- and Second-Order Statistical Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Deyvid L. Leite ◽  
Pablo Javier Alsina ◽  
Millena M. de Medeiros Campos ◽  
Vicente A. de Sousa ◽  
Alvaro A. M. de Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Secure Communication ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Doppler Frequency ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Log Normal

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to provide services such as the Internet, goods delivery, and air taxis has become a reality in recent years. The use of these aircraft requires a secure communication between the control station and the UAV, which demands the characterization of the communication channel. This paper aims to present a measurement setup using an unmanned aircraft to acquire data for the characterization of the radio frequency channel in a propagation environment with particular vegetation (Caatinga) and a lake. This paper presents the following contributions: identification of the communication channel model that best describes the characteristics of communication; characterization of the effects of large-scale fading, such as path loss and log-normal shadowing; characterization of small-scale fading (multipath and Doppler); and estimation of the aircraft speed from the identified Doppler frequency.

scholarly journals Wireless Underground Sensor Networks: Channel Modeling and Operation Analysis in the Terahertz Band

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Alper Akkaş ◽  
Radosveta Sokullu
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Channel Modeling ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Wireless Underground Sensor Networks

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are networks of sensor nodes operating below the ground surface, which are envisioned to provide real-time monitoring capabilities in the complex underground environments consisting of soil, water, oil, and other components. In this paper, we investigate the possibilities and limitations of using WUSNs for increasing the efficiency of oil recovery processes. To realize this, millimeter scale sensor nodes with antennas at the same scale should be deployed in the confined oil reservoir fractures. This necessitates the sensor nodes to be operating in the terahertz (THz) range and the main challenge is establishing reliable underground communication despite the hostile environment which does not allow the direct use of most existing wireless solutions. The major problems are extremely high path loss, small communication range, and high dynamics of the electromagnetic (EM) waves when penetrating through soil, sand, and water and through the very specific crude oil medium. The objective of the paper is to address these issues in order to propose a novel communication channel model considering the propagation properties of terahertz EM waves in the complex underground environment of the oil reservoirs and to investigate the feasible transmission distances between nodes for different water-crude-oil-soil-CO2compositions.

scholarly journals Outdoor radiolinks for 2.4 GHz-frequencies: measurement results and experiences within the radio communication network “Intermobil Region Dresden"

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 301-307
Author(s):  
O. Michler
Keyword(s):  
Communication Network ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Fresnel Zone ◽  
Multipath Propagation ◽  
Radio Channel ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Technical Solutions

Abstract. The radio communication network “Intermobil Region Dresden" was developed and built up for data transmission of traffic videos and other traffic data. It uses Pointto- Point (PtP) and Point-to-Multipoint (PtM) bridges, forming the backbone structure. The traffic camera radio clients link up with Accesspoints, installed at the nodal points of the backbone. This paper analyses the physical and technical conditions, building up such radio communication networks. The radio channel properties (e.g. total path loss, multipath propagation) and the technical parameters (e.g. transmission power, sensitivity, antenna gain) belong to this conditions. Based on calculation and spreading measurements it is shown, that reserves have to be considered during the planning already. As well special problems, like Fresnel-zone clearance and shadowing are discussed. The choice of the antenna plays a key role for planning and building of wireless networks. It determines decisively the range and gives an important contribution to elimination of wireless disturbances (interferences). Dependent on topological facts, installation environment and wireless distance omnidirectional-, yagi-, patch- and parabol-antennas are used. Based on antenna measurements the paper discusses the use and property of decoupling. WLANs are working in the license free 2.4 GHz-band. The number of radio systems in this band increases permanently, which leads to a lot of interferences among each other. The paper makes a classification of possible interference sources and discusses their influence on transmission quality. Technical solutions are shown for increase interference robustness.

scholarly journals Optimization strategy of wireless charger node deployment based on improved cuckoo search algorithm

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Feifan Wang ◽  
Yujun Zhu ◽  
Yiyang Liu ◽  
Chuanxin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Cuckoo Search ◽  
Cuckoo Search Algorithm ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Received Power

AbstractIn wireless rechargeable sensor network, the deployment of charger node directly affects the overall charging utility of sensor network. Aiming at this problem, this paper abstracts the charger deployment problem as a multi-objective optimization problem that maximizes the received power of sensor nodes and minimizes the number of charger nodes. First, a network model that maximizes the sensor node received power and minimizes the number of charger nodes is constructed. Second, an improved cuckoo search (ICS) algorithm is proposed. This algorithm is based on the traditional cuckoo search algorithm (CS) to redefine its step factor, and then use the mutation factor to change the nesting position of the host bird to update the bird’s nest position, and then use ICS to find the ones that maximize the received power of the sensor node and minimize the number of charger nodes optimal solution. Compared with the traditional cuckoo search algorithm and multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm, the simulation results show that the algorithm can effectively increase the receiving power of sensor nodes, reduce the number of charger nodes and find the optimal solution to meet the conditions, so as to maximize the network charging utility.

scholarly journals 3GPP Channel Model Emulation with Analysis of MIMO-LTE Performances in Reverberation Chamber

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Arsalane ◽  
Moctar Mouhamadou ◽  
Cyril Decroze ◽  
David Carsenat ◽  
Miguel Angel Garcia-Fernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Channel Model ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Reverberation Chamber ◽  
Single Input Single Output ◽  
Single Output ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Communication Devices ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Multiple Clusters ◽  
Active Link

Emulation methodology of multiple clusters channels for evaluating wireless communication devices over-the-air (OTA) performance is investigated. This methodology has been used along with the implementation of the SIMO LTE standard. It consists of evaluating effective diversity gain (EDG) level of SIMO LTE-OFDM system for different channel models according to the received power by establishing an active link between the transmitter and the receiver. The measurement process is set up in a Reverberation Chamber (RC). The obtained results are compared to the reference case of single input-single output (SISO) in order to evaluate the real improvement attained by the implemented system.

scholarly journals Spatial characterization of propagation channels for terahertz band

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Aghoutane ◽  
Mohammed El Ghzaoui ◽  
Hanan El Faylali
Keyword(s):  
Communication Systems ◽  
Indoor Environment ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Propagation Loss ◽  
Terahertz Band ◽  
Indoor Scenarios ◽  
Transmission Windows ◽  
Sv Channel

AbstractThe aim of this work consists in characterizing the Terahertz (THz) propagation channel in an indoor environment, in order to propose a channel model for THz bands. We first described a propagation loss model by taking into account the attenuation of the channel as a function of distance and frequency. The impulse response of the channel is then described by a set of rays, characterized by their amplitude, their delay and their phase. Apart from the frequency selective nature, path loss in THz band is also an others issue associated with THz communication systems. This work based on the conventional Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) model which is intended for indoor scenarios. In this paper, we have introduced random variables as Line of sight (LOS) component, and then merging it with the SV channel model to adopt it to the THz context. From simulation, we noted an important effect when the distance between the transmitter and the receiver change. This effect produces variations in frequency loss. The simulations carried out from this model show that to enhance the performance of THz system it is recommended to transmit information over transmission windows instead over the whole band.

Wearable energy-efficient fitness tracking system for sports person health monitoring application

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Dan Xie ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar ◽  
Bala Anand Muthu
Keyword(s):  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Fitness Tracking ◽  
Monitoring Application

The high potential of wearable physiological sensors in regenerative medicine and continuous monitoring of human health is currently of great interest. In measuring in real-time and non-invasively highly heterogeneous constituents, have a great deal of work and therefore been pushed into creating several sports monitoring sensors. The advanced engineering research and technology lead to the design of a wearable energy-efficient fitness tracking (WE2FT) system for sports person health monitoring application. Instantaneous accelerations are measured against pulses, and specific walking motions can be tracked by this system using a deep learning-based integrated approach of an intelligent algorithm for gait phase detection for the proposed system (WE2FT). The algorithm’s effects are addressed, and the performance has been evaluated. In this study, the algorithm uses a smartphone application to track steps using the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. For this initiative, the central node’s optimal location is measured with the antenna reflectance coefficient and CM3A path loss model (IEEE 802.15.6) among the sensor nodes for energy-efficient communication. The simulation experiment results in the highest performance in terms of energy efficiency and path loss.

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