scholarly journals Loosening Monitoring of the Threaded Pipe Connection Using Time Reversal Technique and Piezoceramic Transducers

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 2280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yabin Liang ◽  
Qian Feng ◽  
Dongsheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Time Reversal ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drill Pipe ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Threaded Connection ◽  
Critical Components

Threaded pipe connections are commonly used in the oil and gas industry in particular to connect casting strings, drill pipe strings, production and transportation risers, and pipelines. As the most critical components in the entire chain, maintaining a sealed and secure connection while being subjected to environmental loads and pollution is very important and necessary to reduce potential leakage risk and guarantee the safety of the entire chain. In this paper, an effective approach using time reversal technique and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducer was developed to monitor the looseness of the threaded pipe connection. Two threaded pipeline segments connected with a metal coupling were assembled to simulate the threaded connection in the pipeline system. Two PZT patches were mounted on the surface of one pipeline segment and the pipe coupling, respectively. By loosening the threaded connection with different rotation angles, several looseness scenarios were experimentally investigated. For each looseness condition, the developed time reversal-based approach was performed and the corresponding response signal was acquired and analyzed. The experimental results demonstrate that the peak value of the focused signal detected by the PZT sensor decreases with the increase of the looseness degree. The entire test conducted from tightened connection to loosened connection was repeated eight times to validate the repeatability of the developed method and the consistency of the detection results. In addition, the reliability of the developed method was studied by involving high disturbances when the signal was measured. All the test results show that the developed method has a great potential to be employed in practical applications for monitoring the looseness condition of the threaded pipe connection, especially in an environment with severe noises and disturbances.

scholarly journals Effect of Gain in Soil Friction on the Walking Rate of Subsea Pipelines

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaohui Hong ◽  
Dengfeng Fu ◽  
Wenbin Liu ◽  
Zefeng Zhou ◽  
Yue Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Steel Catenary Riser ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas ◽  
Subsea Pipelines ◽  
Offshore Oil ◽  
Pipeline Design

Subsea pipelines are commonly employed in the offshore oil and gas industry to transport high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) hydrocarbons. The phenomenon of pipeline walking is a topic that has drawn a great deal of attention, and is related to the on-bottom stability of the pipeline, such as directional accumulation with respect to axial movement, which can threaten the security of the entire pipeline system. An accurate assessment of pipeline walking is therefore necessary for offshore pipeline design. This paper reports a comprehensive suite of numerical analyses investigating the performance of pipeline walking, with a focus on the effect of increasing axial soil resistance on walking rates. Three walking-driven modes (steel catenary riser (SCR) tension, downslope, and thermal transient) are considered, covering a wide range of influential parameters. The variation in walking rate with respect to the effect of increased soil friction is well reflected in the development of the effective axial force (EAF) profile. A method based on the previous analytical solution is proposed for predicting the accumulated walking rates throughout the entire service life, where the concept of equivalent soil friction is adopted.

Effectiveness of Ultraviolet Light For Mitigating Risk of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Steel Pipeline

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. F. M. Ali ◽  
N. Md. Noor ◽  
N. Yahaya ◽  
A. A. Bakar ◽  
M. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Desulfovibrio Vulgaris ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Internal Corrosion ◽  
Steel Pipeline

Pipelines play an extremely important role in the transportation of gases and liquids over long distance throughout the world. Internal corrosion due to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is one of the major integrity problems in oil and gas industry and is responsible for most of the internal corrosion in transportation pipelines. The presence of microorganisms such as sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in pipeline system has raised deep concern within the oil and gas industry. Biocide treatment and cathodic protection are commonly used to control MIC. However, the solution is too expensive and may create environmental problems by being too corrosive. Recently, Ultraviolet (UV) as one of the benign techniques to enhance mitigation of MIC risk in pipeline system has gained interest among researchers. An amount of 100 ml of modified Baar’s medium and 5 ml of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (strain 7577) seeds was grown in 125 ml anaerobic vials with carbon steel grade API 5L-X70 coupons at the optimum temperature of 37°C and pH 9.5 for fifteen days. This was then followed by exposing the medium to UV for one hour. Results from present study showed that UV radiation has the ability to disinfect bacteria, hence minimizing the risk of metal loss due to corrosion in steel pipeline. 

An electromechanical impedance-instrumented corrosion-measuring probe

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (14) ◽  
pp. 2135-2146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weijie Li ◽  
Tiejun Liu ◽  
Shasha Gao ◽  
Mingzhang Luo ◽  
Jianjun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Corrosion Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
Accelerated Corrosion ◽  
Electromechanical Impedance ◽  
Measuring Probe

Corrosion of metallic structures widely existed in multiple industries, such as oil and gas, civil infrastructure, aerospace, mechanical, mining, and processing. Current available corrosion-monitoring methods are based on different sensing principles, which have their own advantages, and some drawbacks that may limit their application on some aspects. This article presents an electromechanical impedance-instrumented corrosion-measuring probe for corrosion monitoring. The proposed probe is fabricated by attaching a circular lead zirconate titanate patch onto a metal rod. Compared to other electromechanical impedance-based corrosion-monitoring methods, the probe is capable of isolating the influence of structural complexity, variations in loading and boundary conditions. Five probes were fabricated in the experimental study and three of them were subjected to accelerated corrosion tests to mimic the corrosion-induced mass loss damage. Results showed that the peak magnitude of the conductance signatures was reduced with the increase in corrosion amount. The variations in the conductance signatures were quantified by three statistical quantifying metrics, that is, root-mean-square deviation, mean absolute percentage deviation, and correlation coefficient deviation. All these metrics increase with the increase in corrosion amount, which can be used as an indicator of the corrosion process. This study proves that the proposed corrosion-measuring probe is effective in monitoring corrosion and shows promising application potential. This research also serves as a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate the capability of the electromechanical impedance technique in monitoring mass loss due to corrosion.

Best Practices for the Design and Installation of Bolted Joints

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra Tetteh-Wayoe
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Bolted Joints ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Technical Literature ◽  
Operational Life ◽  
Welded Pipe

The cost effective design and construction of liquid pipeline facilities traditionally necessitates the use of bolted joints as opposed to welds. Some of these bolted joints are frequently disassembled and reassembled as part of regular maintenance, while others are assembled at the time of construction and expected to retain a seal for the lifetime of the pipeline. Consequently, the design and installation practices employed for bolted connections are relied upon to produce the same operational life and integrity as welded pipe. In an effort to ensure that the bolted joints used on our pipeline system are as reliable as our welded joints, we investigated industry best practices for flange assembly and the root causes of joint failure. We have completed extensive research of technical literature, including the torquing procedures used in various industries, and performed field-testing on our own system. Generally we have found that: • Flange assembly failures and concerns about this issue are common in the oil and gas industry; • Practices for tightening flanges are inconsistent; and • To accomplish and retain an effective gasket seal, and thus minimize life cycle leaks, one has to consider many factors, including the amount of torque applied to nuts, the stud and nut friction, the type of gasket used, the size of the studs/nuts/flanges, the type of equipment used for tightening, the calibration of the torquing equipment, flange face alignment, and torquing sequence. Using the results of our investigation, we implemented several measures to enhance both the quality and the long-term integrity of our bolted flange connections. This paper describes the results of our investigations, as well as the practices implemented for flange assemblies required for maintenance and new construction activities.

scholarly journals Drillstring Failure: Analytical and Experimental Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 300 ◽  
pp. 04004
Author(s):  
Edris Hassan ◽  
Jamil Abdo ◽  
Jan Kwak ◽  
Abdullah Al Shabibi
Keyword(s):  
Torsional Vibration ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drill Pipe ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Drill String ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Torsional Vibrations ◽  
Stick Slip ◽  
The Impact

Drilling is one of the costliest activities in oil and gas industry due to the complexity of interactions with downhole rock formation. Under such conditions, the uncertainty of drillstring behaviour increase and hence it becomes difficult to predict the causes, occurrences, and types of failures. Lateral and torsional vibrations often cause failure of Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA), drillstring failure, drill bit and wall borehole damages. In this work, a model is presented to determine the impact of lateral and torsional vibrations on a drillstring during the drilling operation. The model aims to mimic real drillstring behaviour inside a wellbore with regards to its dynamic movements due to multiple real situations such as eccentricity of collars, drill pipe sections, and stick-slip phenomena occurring due to the interaction of the bit and the drillstring with the well formation. The work aims to develop a basis for determining critical operating speeds and design parameters to provide safe drilling procedures and reduce drill string fatigue failure. Lagrangian approach is used in this study to attain drillstring lateral and torsional vibration coupling equations. The nonlinear equations are solved numerically to obtain the response of the system. In this work, we also present a brief description of an in-house constructed experimental setup. The setup has the capability to imitate the downhole lateral and torsional vibration modes. Parameters from the experimental investigations are incorporated for validation of the mathematical models and for prediction of the drillstring fatigue life. Such investigations are essential for oil and gas industries as they provide solutions and recommendations about operational speed, lateral and torsional amplitudes measurements and corrections, and the conditions for avoiding occurrence of natural frequencies of the system.

Rigorous Integrated Evolutionary Workflow for Optimal Exploitation of Unconventional Gas Assets

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana Plaksina ◽  
Eduardo Gildin
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Global Optimum ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Unconventional Gas ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Mixed Optimization

Applications of stochastic evolutionary algorithms in engineering are gaining more attention in practical applications in the oil and gas industry. An important factor to consider when implementing stochastic algorithms is its ability to find the global optimum efficiently. In this study the authors formulate, implement, and test a genetic algorithm with strong elitism to solve a critical problem in the upstream oil industry: how to develop economically an unconventional gas asset. This problem involves finding the optimal number of horizontal wells, the number of transverse hydraulic fracture stages along them, and stage half-length. The described problem is inherently discrete or mixed optimization problem for which the authors develop a conceptually new evolutionary integrated framework that addresses all production design questions. They outline the range of applicability of their workflow and provide ample test cases and results. Their rigorous formulation performs well for a given problem statement and finds the optimal solution that is consistent with the industry accepted optimum.

Practical Applications of Diagnostic Data Science in Drilling and Completions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad Senters ◽  
Swathika Jayakumar ◽  
Mark Warren ◽  
Mike Wells ◽  
Rachel Harper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Diagnostic Data ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Right

Abstract The application of data science remains relatively new to the oil and gas industry but continues to gain traction on many projects due to its potential to assist in solving complex problems. The amount and quality of the right type of data can be as much of a limitation as the complex algorithms and programing required. The scope of any data science project should look for easy wins early on and not attempt an all-encompassing solution with the click of a button (although that would be amazing). This paper focuses on several specific applications of data applied to a sizable database to extract useful solutions and provide an approach for data science on future projects. The first step when applying data analytics is to build a suitable database. This might appear rudimentary at first glance, but historical data is seldom catalogued optimally for future projects. This is especially true if specific portions of the recorded data were not known to be of use in solving future problems. The approach to improving the quality of the database for this paper is to establish requirements for the data science objectives and apply this to past, present and future data. Once the data are in the right "format", the extensive process of quality control can begin. Although this part of the paper is not the most exciting, it might be the most important, as most programing yields the same "garbage in = garbage out" equation. After the data have found a home and are quality checked, the data science can be applied. Case studies are presented based on the application of diagnostic data from an extensive project/well database. To leverage historical data in new projects, metrics are created as a benchmarking tool. The case studies in this paper include metrics such as the Known Lateral Contribution (KLC), Heel-to-Toe Ratio (HTR), Communication Intensity (CI), Proppant Efficiency (PE) and stage level performance. These results are compared to additional stimulation and geological information. This paper includes case studies that apply data science to diagnostics on a large scale to deliver actionable results. The results discussed will allow for the utilization of this approach in future projects and provide a roadmap to better understand diagnostic results as they relate to drilling and completion activity.

Use of Bowties for Pipeline Safety Management

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn Pettitt ◽  
Philip Pennicott
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Safety Critical ◽  
Training Programmes

Bowtie diagrams have become a widely-used method for demonstrating the relationship between the causes and consequences of hazardous events following the identification of Major Accident Hazards (MAHs). They are particularly useful for illustrating how safeguarding measures protect against particular threats or mitigate the various consequences of an incident. Bowtie diagrams have been widely used in a range of industries for over twenty years and are widespread in the upstream oil and gas industry, as well as other high hazard industries such as mining and nuclear. Bowtie diagrams are used for a range of purposes. At their simplest, they provide an overview of the measures in place to prevent and mitigate hazardous events, and as such are valuable additions to training programmes. A bowtie diagram provides an excellent platform to show regulatory authorities, trainees and new employees the various threats to a pipeline system, and what barriers are in place to prevent and control major accidents, such that the risks are as low as reasonably practicable. The bowtie process may be used during design, construction, operations and decommissioning. The bowtie for construction is different to that for design and operations, being more to do with occupational safety rather that loss of containment. However, the construction bowtie diagram still plays a vital role in minimising risk. Whilst the typical failure mechanisms for pipelines are generally well-established during operations, bowties have a key role in informing senior management of the measures in place to reduce risk. Furthermore, a large proportion of major accidents may occur at above ground installations (AGIs), and bowtie diagrams provide a mechanism to help management in the protection of personnel and potentially of nearby populations. For both cross-country pipelines and AGIs, the effectiveness of each barrier can be established to ensure that the risk of loss of containment is minimised. More detailed bowties may be used to assist in identifying safety critical elements (SCEs) or safety critical tasks; developing performance standards and defining process safety performance indicators. Often, the hardware shown by the barriers may be considered as SCEs, particularly in the case of effective barriers, such as vibration detection along the right-of-way (RoW) (prevention) or gas detection at AGIs (recovery). Where such barriers are defined as key to a major threat, the bowtie diagram illustrates the importance of good maintenance systems to ensure that the barriers have a high reliability. Thus, by defining the SCEs in a logical manner, bowties may be a key element in managing the risk from a pipeline system.

Inspection and Prioritization Methods for Small Diameter Auxiliary Piping

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Pecush ◽  
Mark McTavish ◽  
Brian Ellestad
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Model Sets ◽  
Pump Stations ◽  
And Storage

To serve the pumping and storage needs of its customers; Enbridge operates more than 25 terminals and 150 pump stations across North America. In each of these facilities, small diameter (NPS 6 and smaller) piping is used in auxiliary systems including instrumentation, measurement, and product re-injection. Traditionally, in the design of facilities, this small piping has received less attention than large diameter process lines and, during construction, has typically been field run based on standard installation details. This, in conjunction with 65 years of changing design and construction philosophies, as well as asset acquisitions, has resulted in a wide variety of installation configurations across the Enbridge liquids system. The Small Diameter Piping Program in the Facilities Integrity group centrally manages the integrity of all small diameter auxiliary piping across the Enbridge liquids system. Historically, the management and remediation of small diameter systems has been based on addressing specific installation types identified through incident investigations. While generally effective at minimizing re-occurrence, this approach has been limited in its ability to proactively identify installations that should be addressed. In support of our goal of zero incidents, Enbridge has developed a proactive methodology for the inspection and prioritization of small diameter auxiliary piping. Installation types are evaluated on their susceptibility to specific damage mechanisms. An inspection and prioritization model was developed through the combination of internal lessons learned and prioritization methodologies outlined in industry publications, specifically those from the overseas oil and gas industry. This model, sets a standardized process to assign a likelihood of failure (LOF) score to individual small diameter installations of specific types and/or functions. Presently, likelihood of failure scores are used to identify installations requiring remediation, and to most effectively prioritize system-wide remediation activities. Over time, these scores will also be used to demonstrate an overall reduction in the likelihood of failure for small diameter piping in the Enbridge liquids pipeline system.

Design of Cellular Piezoelectric Actuators With High Blocking Force and High Strain

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin Neal ◽  
H. Harry Asada
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Piezoelectric Actuators ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Preliminary Design ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Small Strains ◽  
High Bandwidth ◽  
Subsequent Layer

Preliminary design and analysis of a new concept for efficiently amplifying piezoelectric actuators are presented in this paper. Piezoelectric actuators, such as Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), have produced substantial stress at high bandwidth, but at very small strains on the order of 0.1%. This paper presents a new strain amplification design to be utilized as the first layer in the previously designed “nested rhombus” multi-layer mechanism. This mechanism produces substantial strain through exponentially increasing strain with each subsequent layer. However, the blocking force produced in previous designs is insufficient for many practical applications. Through static and kinematic analysis, this paper addresses how this new concept sufficiently amplifies strain, and presents numerous issues to consider in designing for greater blocking force. A prototype of this new concept provides 126 N of blocking force and displacement of 0.3 mm.

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