scholarly journals Unmanned Aerial Systems-Aided Post-Flood Peak Discharge Estimation in Ephemeral Streams

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4183
Author(s):  
Emmanouil Andreadakis ◽  
Michalis Diakakis ◽  
Emmanuel Vassilakis ◽  
Georgios Deligiannakis ◽  
Antonis Antoniadis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flash Flood ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Hydrologic Modelling ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Field Evidence ◽  
Aerial Systems

The spatial and temporal scale of flash flood occurrence provides limited opportunities for observations and measurements using conventional monitoring networks, turning the focus to event-based, post-disaster studies. Post-flood surveys exploit field evidence to make indirect discharge estimations, aiming to improve our understanding of hydrological response dynamics under extreme meteorological forcing. However, discharge estimations are associated with demanding fieldwork aiming to record in small timeframes delicate data and data prone-to-be-lost and achieve the desired accuracy in measurements to minimize various uncertainties of the process. In this work, we explore the potential of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) technology, in combination with the Structure for Motion (SfM) and optical granulometry techniques in peak discharge estimations. We compare the results of the UAS-aided discharge estimations to estimates derived from differential Global Navigation Satellite System (d-GNSS) surveys and hydrologic modelling. The application in the catchment of the Soures torrent in Greece, after a catastrophic flood, shows that the UAS-aided method determined peak discharge with accuracy, providing very similar values compared to the ones estimated by the established traditional approach. The technique proved to be particularly effective, providing flexibility in terms of resources and timing, although there are certain limitations to its applicability, related mostly to the optical granulometry as well as the condition of the channel. The application highlighted important advantages and certain weaknesses of these emerging tools in indirect discharge estimations, which we discuss in detail.

Towards Predicting Flood Event Peak Discharge in Ungauged Basins by Learning Universal Hydrological Behaviors with Machine Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhil Sanjay Potdar ◽  
Pierre-Emmanuel Kirstetter ◽  
Devon Woods ◽  
Manabendra Saharia
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Basin Scale

AbstractIn the hydrological sciences, the outstanding challenge of regional modeling requires to capture common and event-specific hydrologic behaviors driven by rainfall spatial variability and catchment physiography during floods. The overall objective of this study is to develop robust understanding and predictive capability of how rainfall spatial variability influences flood peak discharge relative to basin physiography. A machine learning approach is used on a high-resolution dataset of rainfall and flooding events spanning 10 years, with rainfall events and basins of widely varying characteristics selected across the continental United States. It overcomes major limitations in prior studies that were based on limited observations or hydrological model simulations. This study explores first-order dependencies in the relationships between peak discharge, rainfall variability, and basin physiography, and it sheds light on these complex interactions using a multi-dimensional statistical modeling approach. Amongst different machine learning techniques, XGBoost is used to determine the significant physiographical and rainfall characteristics that influence peak discharge through variable importance analysis. A parsimonious model with low bias and variance is created which can be deployed in the future for flash flood forecasting. The results confirm that although the spatial organization of rainfall within a basin has a major influence on basin response, basin physiography is the primary driver of peak discharge. These findings have unprecedented spatial and temporal representativeness in terms of flood characterization across basins. An improved understanding of sub-basin scale rainfall spatial variability will aid in robust flash flood characterization as well as with identifying basins which could most benefit from distributed hydrologic modeling.

scholarly journals Stochastic reconstruction of spatio-temporal rainfall patterns by inverse hydrologic modelling

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Grundmann ◽  
Sebastian Hörning ◽  
András Bárdossy
Keyword(s):  
Flash Flood ◽  
Rainfall Pattern ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Hydrologic Modelling ◽  
Stochastic Reconstruction ◽  
Rainfall Patterns ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract. Knowledge of spatio-temporal rainfall patterns is required as input for distributed hydrologic models used for tasks such as flood runoff estimation and modelling. Normally, these patterns are generated from point observations on the ground using spatial interpolation methods. However, such methods fail in reproducing the true spatio-temporal rainfall pattern, especially in data-scarce regions with poorly gauged catchments, or for highly dynamic, small-scale rainstorms which are not well recorded by existing monitoring networks. Consequently, uncertainties arise in distributed rainfall–runoff modelling if poorly identified spatio-temporal rainfall patterns are used, since the amount of rainfall received by a catchment as well as the dynamics of the runoff generation of flood waves is underestimated. To address this problem we propose an inverse hydrologic modelling approach for stochastic reconstruction of spatio-temporal rainfall patterns. The methodology combines the stochastic random field simulator Random Mixing and a distributed rainfall–runoff model in a Monte Carlo framework. The simulated spatio-temporal rainfall patterns are conditioned on point rainfall data from ground-based monitoring networks and the observed hydrograph at the catchment outlet and aim to explain measured data at best. Since we infer a three-dimensional input variable from an integral catchment response, several candidates for spatio-temporal rainfall patterns are feasible and allow for an analysis of their uncertainty. The methodology is tested on a synthetic rainfall–runoff event on sub-daily time steps and spatial resolution of 1 km2 for a catchment partly covered by rainfall. A set of plausible spatio-temporal rainfall patterns can be obtained by applying this inverse approach. Furthermore, results of a real-world study for a flash flood event in a mountainous arid region are presented. They underline that knowledge about the spatio-temporal rainfall pattern is crucial for flash flood modelling even in small catchments and arid and semiarid environments.

scholarly journals Estimating Flash Flood Peak Discharge in Gidra and Parná Basin: Case Study for the 7-8 June 2011 Flood

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 206-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavla Pekárová ◽  
Aleš Svoboda ◽  
Pavol Miklánek ◽  
Peter Škoda ◽  
Dana Halmová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flash Flood ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Runoff Model

Estimating Flash Flood Peak Discharge in Gidra and Parná Basin: Case Study for the 7-8 June 2011 FloodWe analyzed the runoff and its temporal distribution during the catastrophic flood events on river Gidra (32.9 km2) and Parná (37.86 km2) of the 7th June 2011. The catchments are located in the Small Carpathian Mountains, western Slovakia. Direct measurements and evaluation of the peak discharge values after such extreme events are emphasized in the paper including exceedance probabilities of peak flows and of their causal flash rainfall events. In the second part of the paper, plausible modeling mode is presented, using the NLC (Non Linear Cascade) rainfall-runoff model. Several hypothetical extreme flood events were simulated by the NLC model for both rivers. Also the flood runoff volumes are evaluated as basic information on the natural or artificial catchment storage.

scholarly journals The Impact of Reforestation Induced Land Cover Change (1990–2017) on Flood Peak Discharge Using HEC-HMS Hydrological Model and Satellite Observations: A Study in Two Mountain Basins, China

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crispin Kabeja ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
Jianping Guo ◽  
Digne Edmond Rwabuhungu Rwatangabo ◽  
Marc Manyifika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Hydrological Responses ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the effect of land use and land cover (LULC) type change on watershed hydrological response is essential for adopting applicable measures to control floods. In China, the Grain to Green Program (GTGP) and the Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) have had a substantial impact on LULC. We investigate the effect of these conservation efforts on flood peak discharge in two mountainous catchments. We used a series of Landsat images ranging from 1990 to 2016/2017 to evaluate the LULC changes. Further to this, the hydrological responses at the basin and sub-basin scale were generated by the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) under four LULC scenarios. Between 1990 and 2016/2017, both catchments experienced an increase in forest and urban land by 18% and 2% in Yanhe and by 16% and 8% in Guangyuan, respectively. In contrast, the agricultural land decreased by approximately 30% in Yanhe and 24% in Guangyuan, respectively. The changes in land cover resulted in decrease in flood peak discharge ranging from 14% in Yanhe to 6% in Guangyuan. These findings provide a better understanding on the impact of reforestation induced LULC change on spatial patterns of typical hydrological responses of mountainous catchment and could help to mitigate flash flood hazards in other mountainous regions.

scholarly journals Performance of Retarding Basin in Flood Disaster Risk Mitigation in Welang River, East Java Province, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Prorida Sari ◽  
Djoko Legono ◽  
Joko Sujono
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Flood Routing ◽  
Hydrologic Modelling ◽  
Hydraulic Simulation ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Tidal Area ◽  
Analysis System

Flood phenomenon caused by high rainfall and sea tides on a watershed seat the tidal area, including the Welang River, commonly occur and the number of events is increasing. Construction of retarding basin is one of flood risk mitigation efforts by reducing the flood peak discharge. Assessment of flood management in Welang River was conducted with hydrology and hydraulic approaches, by using the Hydrologic Engineering Centre-Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) 4.0 and Hydrologic Engineering Center–River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) 5.0.3 software. The hydraulic simulation consists of 4 scenarios. Scenario 1 was the current condition, while scenario 2, 3, and 4 were the retarding basin construction with one side spillway, one on the upstream (River Station (RS) 7400), on the middle (RS 6970), and on the downstream (RS 6590), respectively. The height variation of side spillways are 3 m and 4 m. Flood routing simulation result showed that the existing river channel condition could not accommodate of 2-year flood and 10-year flood, which caused peak discharge of 497.7 m3/s and 794.9 m3/s. At the RS 6590, the maximum runoff height of 2-year and 10-year flood were 0.66 and 1.02 m, respectively. Under the 2-year return period of flood, the discharge reduction caused by the retarding basin at control point RS 5341.4 (Karangketug Village), were 39.63 m3/s, 31.83 m3/s, and 41.93 m3/s, respectively for scenario 2, 3 and 4 with the 3 m side spillway height and 14.71 m3/s, 16.76 m3/s, and 13.74 m3/s, respectively for scenario 2, 3 and 4 with the 4 m side spillway height.

Controls of flash flood peak discharge in Mediterranean basins and the special role of runoff-contributing areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 565 ◽  
pp. 846-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yair Rinat ◽  
Francesco Marra ◽  
Davide Zoccatelli ◽  
Efrat Morin
Keyword(s):  
Flash Flood ◽  
Peak Discharge ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Flood Peak

scholarly journals Stochastic reconstruction of spatio-temporal rainfall pattern by inverse hydrologic modelling

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Grundmann ◽  
Sebastian Hörning ◽  
András Bárdossy
Keyword(s):  
Flash Flood ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rainfall Pattern ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Hydrologic Modelling ◽  
Stochastic Reconstruction ◽  
Abstract Knowledge ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract. Knowledge about the spatio-temporal rainfall pattern is required as input for distributed hydrologic models to perform several tasks in hydrology like flood runoff estimation and modelling. Normally, these pattern are generated from point observations on the ground using spatial interpolation methods. However, such methods fail in reproducing the true spatio-temporal rainfall pattern especially in data scarce regions with poorly gauged catchments or for highly dynamic, small scaled rainstorms which are not well recorded by existing monitoring networks. Consequently, uncertainties are associated with poorly identified spatio-temporal rainfall pattern in distributed rainfall-runoff modelling since the amount of rainfall received by a catchment as well as the dynamics of the runoff generation of flood waves are underestimated. For addressing this problem we propose an inverse hydrologic modelling approach for stochastic reconstruction of spatio-temporal rainfall pattern. The methodology combines the stochastic random field simulator Random Mixing and a distributed rainfall-runoff model in a Monte-Carlo framework. The simulated spatio-temporal rainfall pattern are conditioned on point rainfall data from ground monitoring networks as well as the observed hydrograph at catchment outlet and aims to explain measured data at best. Since we conclude from an integral catchment response on a three-dimensional input variable, several candidates of spatio-temporal rainfall pattern are possible which also describe their uncertainty. The methodology is testet on a synthetic rainfall-runoff event on subdaily timesteps and spatial resolution of 1 km2 for a catchment covered by rainfall partly. Results show that a set of plausible spatio-temporal rainfall pattern can be obtained by applying the inverse approach. Furthermore, results of a real world study for a flash flood event in a mountainious arid region are presented. They underline that knowledge about the spatio-temporal rainfall pattern is crucial for flash flood modelling even in small catchments and arid and semiarid environments.

LIGHTER-THAN-AIR (LTA) UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEM (UAS) CARRIER CONCEPT FOR SURVAILLANCE AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1255
Author(s):  
Ahmad Salahuddin Mohd Harithuddin ◽  
Mohd Fazri Sedan ◽  
Syaril Azrad Md Ali ◽  
Shattri Mansor ◽  
Hamid Reza Jifroudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Disaster Management ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Systems ◽  
Unmanned Aerial System ◽  
Border Control ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Operational Safety ◽  
In Situ Methods ◽  
Aerial Systems

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) has many advantages in the fields of SURVAILLANCE and disaster management compared to space-borne observation, manned missions and in situ methods. The reasons include cost effectiveness, operational safety, and mission efficiency. This has in turn underlined the importance of UAS technology and highlighted a growing need in a more robust and efficient unmanned aerial vehicles to serve specific needs in SURVAILLANCE and disaster management. This paper first gives an overview on the framework for SURVAILLANCE particularly in applications of border control and disaster management and lists several phases of SURVAILLANCE and service descriptions. Based on this overview and SURVAILLANCE phases descriptions, we show the areas and services in which UAS can have significant advantage over traditional methods.

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