scholarly journals Satellite Monitoring of Mass Changes and Ground Subsidence in Sudan’s Oil Fields Using GRACE and Sentinel-1 Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nureldin A.A. Gido ◽  
Hadi Amin ◽  
Mohammad Bagherbandi ◽  
Faramarz Nilfouroushan
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Field ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Satellite Monitoring ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
Sar Data

Monitoring environmental hazards, owing to natural and anthropogenic causes, is an important issue, which requires proper data, models, and cross-validation of the results. The geodetic satellite missions, for example, the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Sentinel-1, are very useful in this respect. GRACE missions are dedicated to modeling the temporal variations of the Earth’s gravity field and mass transportation in the Earth’s surface, whereas Sentinel-1 collects synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, which enables us to measure the ground movements accurately. Extraction of large volumes of water and oil decreases the reservoir pressure and form compaction and, consequently, land subsidence occurs, which can be analyzed by both GRACE and Sentinel-1 data. In this paper, large-scale groundwater storage (GWS) changes are studied using the GRACE monthly gravity field models together with different hydrological models over the major oil reservoirs in Sudan, that is, Heglig, Bamboo, Neem, Diffra, and Unity-area oil fields. Then, we correlate the results with the available oil wells production data for the period of 2003–2012. In addition, using the only freely available Sentinel-1 data, collected between November 2015 and April 2019, the ground surface deformation associated with this oil and water depletion is studied. Owing to the lack of terrestrial geodetic monitoring data in Sudan, the use of GRACE and Sentinel-1 satellite data is very valuable to monitor water and oil storage changes and their associated land subsidence over our region of interest. Our results show that there is a significant correlation between the GRACE-based GWS anomalies (ΔGWS) and extracted oil and water volumes. The trend of ΔGWS changes due to water and oil depletion ranged from –18.5 ± 6.3 to –6.2 ± 1.3 mm/year using the CSR GRACE monthly solutions and the best tested hydrological model in this study. Moreover, our Sentinel-1 SAR data analysis using the persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) method shows a high rate of subsidence, that is, –24.5 ± 0.85, –23.8 ± 0.96, –14.2 ± 0.85, and –6 ± 0.88 mm/year over Heglig, Neem, Diffra, and Unity-area oil fields, respectively. The results of this study can help us to control the integrity and safety of operations and infrastructure in that region, as well as to study the groundwater/oil storage behavior.

scholarly journals Satellite monitoring of mass changes and ground subsidence in Sudan’s oil fields using GRACE and Sentinel-1 data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nureldin Gido ◽  
Hadi Amin ◽  
Mohammad Bagherbandi ◽  
Faramarz Nilfouroushan
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Field ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Satellite Monitoring ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Sar Data

<p>Monitoring environmental hazards, due to natural and anthropogenic causes, is one of the important issues, which requires proper data, models, and cross-validation of the results. The geodetic satellite missions, e.g. the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Sentinel-1, are very useful in this aspect. GRACE missions are dedicated to model the temporal variations of the Earth’s gravity field and mass transportation in the Earth’s surface, whereas Sentinel-1 collects Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data which enables us to measure the ground movements accurately. Extraction of large volumes of water and oil decreases the reservoir pressure, form compaction and consequently land subsidence occurs which can be analyzed by both GRACE and Sentinel-1 data. In this paper, large-scale groundwater storage (GWS) changes are studied using the GRACE monthly gravity field models together with different hydrological models over the major oil reservoirs in Sudan, i.e. Heglig, Bamboo, Neem, Diffra and Unity-area oil fields. Then we correlate the results with the available oil wells production data for the period of 2003-2012. In addition, using the only freely available Sentinel-1 data, collected between November 2015 and April 2019, the ground surface deformation associated with this oil and water depletion is studied. Due to the lack of terrestrial geodetic monitoring data in Sudan, the use of GRACE and Sentinel-1 satellite data is very valuable to monitor water and oil storage changes and their associated land subsidence over our region of interest. Our results show that there is a significant correlation between the GRACE-based GWS change and extracted oil and water volumes. The trend of GWS changes due to water and oil depletion ranged from -18.5 to -6.2 mm/year using the CSR GRACE monthly solutions and the best tested hydrological model in this study. Moreover, our Sentinel-1 SAR data analysis using Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) method shows high rate of subsidence i.e. -24.5, -23.8, -14.2 and -6 mm/year over Heglig, Neem, Diffra and Unity-area oil fields respectively. The results of this study can help us to control the integrity and safety of operations and infrastructure in that region, as well as to study the groundwater/oil storage behavior.</p>

scholarly journals Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Land Subsidence and Rebound over Xi’an in Western China Revealed by SBAS-InSAR Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 3756
Author(s):  
Wei Shi ◽  
Guan Chen ◽  
Xingmin Meng ◽  
Wanyu Jiang ◽  
Yan Chong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Western China ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Underground Space ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Space Utilization ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Ground Fissures

Land subsidence is one of the major urban geological hazards, which seriously restricts the development of many cities in the world. As one of the major cities in China, Xi’an has also been experiencing a large area of land subsidence due to excessive exploitation of groundwater. Since the Heihe Water Transfer Project (HWTP) became fully operational in late 2003, the problem of subsidence has been restrained, but other issues, such as ground rebounds, have appeared, and the effect of the underground space utilization on land subsidence remains unsolved. The spatial-temporal pattern of land subsidence and rebound in Xi’an after HWTP and their possible cause have so far not been well understood. In this study, the evolutionary characteristics of land subsidence and rebound in Xi’an city from 2007–2019 was investigated using Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-SAR) technology to process the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and Sentinel-1A SAR datasets, and their cause and the correlation with groundwater level changes and the underground space utilization were discussed. We found that the land subsidence rate in the study area slowed from 2007–2019, and the subsidence area shrank and gradually developed into three relatively independent and isolated subsidence areas primarily. Significant local rebound deformation up to 22 mm/y commenced in the groundwater recharge region during 2015–2019. The magnitude of local rebound was dominated by the rise in groundwater level due to HWTP, whereas tectonic faults and ground fissures control the range of subsidence and the uplift area. The influence of building load on surface deformation became increasingly evident and primarily manifested by slowing the subsidence reduction trend. Additionally, land subsidence caused by the disturbances during the subway construction period was stronger than that in the operational stage. Future land subsidence in Xi’an is predicted to be alleviated overall, and the areas of rebound deformation will continue increasing for a limited time. However, uneven settlement range may extend to the Qujiang and Xixian New District due to the rapid urban construction. Our results could provide a scientific basis for land subsidence hazard mitigation, underground space planning, and groundwater management in Xi’an or similar regions where severe ground subsidence was induced by rapid urbanization.

scholarly journals LAND SUBSIDENCE MONITORING IN DEZHOU CITY BASED ON SBAS-INSAR TECHNOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B3-2020 ◽  
pp. 299-304
Author(s):  
G. Huang ◽  
H. Fan ◽  
L. Lu ◽  
W. Yu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Radar Images ◽  
Seasonal Characteristics ◽  
Sbas Insar

Abstract. To monitor the large area land subsidence in Dezhou city, Shandong province, China. This paper uses 23 scenes of Sentinel-1A radar images from August 2017 to February 2019, and based on small baseline subset (SBAS) technology to obtain the subsidence information in Dezhou urban area. The monitoring results show that: Dezhou city has a serious subsidence phenomenon in large coverage area. A subsidence funnel with Chenzhuang as the center was formed. The average annual subsidence rate (along the vertical direction) of the subsidence center exceeded 45 mm/yr. There was also a serious subsidence phenomenon in the eastern and northeastern parts of the urban area, and there was a tendency of forming a whole area. After detailed data analysis, it is found that the ground subsidence presents seasonal characteristics closely related to the groundwater level and is affected by large-scale engineering construction on the surface.

scholarly journals Surface Deformation from Sentinel-1A InSAR: Relation to Seasonal Groundwater Extraction and Rainfall in Central Taiwan

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 2817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Jie Yang ◽  
Cheinway Hwang ◽  
Wei-Chia Hung ◽  
Thomas Fuhrmann ◽  
Yi-An Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Groundwater Extraction ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Small Baseline ◽  
Central Taiwan

Extracting groundwater for agricultural, aquacultural, and industrial use in central Taiwan has caused large-scale land subsidence that poses a threat to the operation of the Taiwan High Speed Railway near Yunlin County. We detected Yunlin subsidence using the Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) by the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) method from April 2016 to April 2017. We calibrated the initial InSAR-derived displacement rates using GPS measurements and reduced the velocity difference between the two sensors from 15.0 to 8.5 mm/a. In Yunlin’s severe subsidence regions, cumulative displacements from InSAR and GPS showed that the dry-season subsidence contributed 60%–74% of the annual subsidence. The InSAR-derived vertical velocities matched the velocities from leveling to better than 10 mm/a. In regions with few leveling measurements, InSAR increased the spatial resolution of the vertical velocity field and identified two previously unknown subsidence spots over an industrial zone and steel factory. Annual significant subsidence areas (subsidence rate > 30 mm/a) from leveling from 2011 to 2017 increased with the declining dry-season rainfalls, suggesting that the dry-season rainfall was the deciding factor for land subsidence. A severe drought in 2015 (an El Niño year) dramatically increased the significant subsidence area to 659 km2. Both InSAR and leveling detected similarly significant subsidence areas in 2017, showing that InSAR was an effective technique for assessing whether a subsidence mitigation measure worked. The newly opened Hushan Reservoir can supply surface water during dry seasons and droughts to counter rain shortage and can thereby potentially reduce land subsidence caused by groundwater extraction.

scholarly journals Sequential InSAR Time Series Deformation Monitoring of Land Subsidence and Rebound in Xi’an, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 2854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baohang Wang ◽  
Chaoying Zhao ◽  
Qin Zhang ◽  
Mimi Peng
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Elastic Recovery ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Wall Area ◽  
Artificial Water

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series deformation monitoring plays an important role in revealing historical displacement of the Earth’s surface. Xi’an, China, has suffered from severe land subsidence along with ground fissure development since the 1960s, which has threatened and will continue to threaten the stability of urban artificial constructions. In addition, some local areas in Xi’an suffered from uplifting for some specific period. Time series deformation derived from multi-temporal InSAR techniques makes it possible to obtain the temporal evolution of land subsidence and rebound in Xi’an. In this paper, we used the sequential InSAR time series estimation method to map the ground subsidence and rebound in Xi’an with Sentinel-1A data during 2015 to 2019, allowing estimation of surface deformation dynamically and quickly. From 20 June 2015 to 17 July 2019, two areas subsided continuously (Sanyaocun-Fengqiyuan and Qujiang New District), while Xi’an City Wall area uplifted with a maximum deformation rate of 12 mm/year. Furthermore, Yuhuazhai subsided from 20 June 2015 to 14 October 2018, and rebound occurred from 14 October 2018 to 17 July 2019, which can be explained as the response to artificial water injection. In the process of artificial water injection, the rebound pattern can be further divided into immediate elastic recovery deformation and time-dependent visco-elastic recovery deformation.

scholarly journals Research on Spatiotemporal Land Deformation (2012–2018) over Xi’an, China, with Multi-Sensor SAR Datasets

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimi Peng ◽  
Chaoying Zhao ◽  
Qin Zhang ◽  
Zhong Lu ◽  
Zhongsheng Li
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Ground Fissure ◽  
Subsidence Zone ◽  
The 1960S

The ancient city of Xi’an, China, has been suffering severe land subsidence and ground fissure hazards since the 1960s, mainly due to the over-withdrawal of groundwater and large-scale urban construction. This has threatened and will continue to threaten the stability of urban infrastructure, such as the construction and operation of high buildings and subway lines. It is necessary to map the spatiotemporal variations of land subsidence over Xi’an, and to analyze their causes and the correlation with underground water level changes and ground fissure deformation. Time series of land subsidence were observed with the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique, using multi-sensor SAR datasets from 2012 to 2018. Four land subsidence rate maps over Xi’an city were retrieved from TerraSAR-X, ALOS/PALSAR2, and Sentinel-1 data, each with different tracks. The InSAR derived results were then cross-validated with three independent SAR data stacks, and calibrated with GPS and leveling observations. Next, the spatiotemporal evolutions of three main regional land subsidence zones were quantitatively analyzed in detail, and the surface deformation of the Xi’an subway network was spatially analyzed. Third, the correlations between land subsidence and ground water withdrawal, ground fissure deformation, landforms, and faults were intensively analyzed. Finally, a flat lying sill model with distributed contractions was implemented to model the InSAR deformation over one typical subsidence zone, which further suggested that the ground deformation was mainly caused by groundwater withdrawal. This systematic research can provide sound evidence to serve decision-making for land subsidence mitigation in Xi’an, and may also guide land subsidence research in other cities.

scholarly journals Different scale land subsidence and ground fissure monitoring with multiple InSAR techniques over Fenwei basin, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 372 ◽  
pp. 305-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Zhao ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
C. Yang ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
W. Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Subsidence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deformation Gradient ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ground Fissure ◽  
Envisat Asar ◽  
Persistent Scatterers ◽  
Sar Data ◽  
Large Scale Land ◽  
Sbas Insar

Abstract. Fenwei basin, China, composed by several sub-basins, has been suffering severe geo-hazards in last 60 years, including large scale land subsidence and small scale ground fissure, which caused serious infrastructure damages and property losses. In this paper, we apply different InSAR techniques with different SAR data to monitor these hazards. Firstly, combined small baseline subset (SBAS) InSAR method and persistent scatterers (PS) InSAR method is used to multi-track Envisat ASAR data to retrieve the large scale land subsidence covering entire Fenwei basin, from which different land subsidence magnitudes are analyzed of different sub-basins. Secondly, PS-InSAR method is used to monitor the small scale ground fissure deformation in Yuncheng basin, where different spatial deformation gradient can be clearly discovered. Lastly, different track SAR data are contributed to retrieve two-dimensional deformation in both land subsidence and ground fissure region, Xi'an, China, which can be benefitial to explain the occurrence of ground fissure and the correlation between land subsidence and ground fissure.

scholarly journals High-Rate Transition Metal-based Cathode Materials for Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Devices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Wang ◽  
Zehao Song ◽  
Pei Shi ◽  
Lin Lv ◽  
Houzhao Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Energy Storage Devices ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Electrochemical Devices ◽  
Hybrid Devices ◽  
Scale Grid

With the rapid development of portable electronic devices, electric vehicles and large-scale grid energy storage devices, it needs to reinforce specific energy and specific power of related electrochemical devices meeting...

scholarly journals Subsidence Monitoring of Fill Area in Yan’an New District Based on Sentinel-1A Time Series Imagery

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3044
Author(s):  
Mingjie Liao ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Jichao Lv ◽  
Bin Yu ◽  
Jiatai Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Dynamic Change ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Chinese Loess Plateau ◽  
Ground Subsidence ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Environment Change ◽  
Loess Area

In recent years, many cities in the Chinese loess plateau (especially in Shanxi province) have encountered ground subsidence problems due to the construction of underground projects and the exploitation of underground resources. With the completion of the world’s largest geotechnical project, called “mountain excavation and city construction,” in a collapsible loess area, the Yan’an city also appeared to have uneven ground subsidence. To obtain the spatial distribution characteristics and the time-series evolution trend of the subsidence, we selected Yan’an New District (YAND) as the specific study area and presented an improved time-series InSAR (TS-InSAR) method for experimental research. Based on 89 Sentinel-1A images collected between December 2017 to December 2020, we conducted comprehensive research and analysis on the spatial and temporal evolution of surface subsidence in YAND. The monitoring results showed that the YAND is relatively stable in general, with deformation rates mainly in the range of −10 to 10 mm/yr. However, three significant subsidence funnels existed in the fill area, with a maximum subsidence rate of 100 mm/yr. From 2017 to 2020, the subsidence funnels enlarged, and their subsidence rates accelerated. Further analysis proved that the main factors induced the severe ground subsidence in the study area, including the compressibility and collapsibility of loess, rapid urban construction, geological environment change, traffic circulation load, and dynamic change of groundwater. The experimental results indicated that the improved TS-InSAR method is adaptive to monitoring uneven subsidence of deep loess area. Moreover, related data and information would provide reference to the large-scale ground deformation monitoring and in similar loess areas.

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