scholarly journals Maize Plant Phenotyping: Comparing 3D Laser Scanning, Multi-View Stereo Reconstruction, and 3D Digitizing Estimates

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjian Wang ◽  
Weiliang Wen ◽  
Sheng Wu ◽  
Chuanyu Wang ◽  
Zetao Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Plant Phenotyping ◽  
3D Laser Scanning ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
3D Digitizing

High-throughput phenotyping technologies have become an increasingly important topic of crop science in recent years. Various sensors and data acquisition approaches have been applied to acquire the phenotyping traits. It is quite confusing for crop phenotyping researchers to determine an appropriate way for their application. In this study, three representative three-dimensional (3D) data acquisition approaches, including 3D laser scanning, multi-view stereo (MVS) reconstruction, and 3D digitizing, were evaluated for maize plant phenotyping in multi growth stages. Phenotyping traits accuracy, post-processing difficulty, device cost, data acquisition efficiency, and automation were considered during the evaluation process. 3D scanning provided satisfactory point clouds for medium and high maize plants with acceptable efficiency, while the results were not satisfactory for small maize plants. The equipment used in 3D scanning is expensive, but is highly automatic. MVS reconstruction provided satisfactory point clouds for small and medium plants, and point deviations were observed in upper parts of higher plants. MVS data acquisition, using low-cost cameras, exhibited the highest efficiency among the three evaluated approaches. The one-by-one pipeline data acquisition pattern allows the use of MVS high-throughput in further phenotyping platforms. Undoubtedly, enhancement of point cloud processing technologies is required to improve the extracted phenotyping traits accuracy for both 3D scanning and MVS reconstruction. Finally, 3D digitizing was time-consuming and labor intensive. However, it does not depend on any post-processing algorithms to extract phenotyping parameters and reliable phenotyping traits could be derived. The promising accuracy of 3D digitizing is a better verification choice for other 3D phenotyping approaches. Our study provides clear reference about phenotyping data acquisition of maize plants, especially for the affordable and portable field phenotyping platforms to be developed.

Methodology for evaluate the form deviations for formula one nose car

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bere ◽  
Calin Neamtu
Keyword(s):  
Composite Material ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Coordinate Measuring Machine ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Cad Model ◽  
3D Laser Scanning ◽  
Formula One ◽  
Dimensional Deviation ◽  
Measuring Machine

AbstractThe paper presents a measuring strategy for a Formula One car using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) and a 3D laser scanning devices. The measurement procedures outlined the dimensional deviation of the CAD model and prototype made of composite material. The authors present two methods for the determination of symmetry for components of a Formula One car based on measuring and 3D scanning.

scholarly journals RESEARCH ON COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION METHOD OF GB-SAR IMAGE SUPPORTED BY 3D LASER SCANNING TECHNOLOGY

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-3 ◽  
pp. 1757-1763 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wang ◽  
C. Xing
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
Deformation Monitoring ◽  
Sar Image ◽  
3D Laser Scanning

In the image plane of GB-SAR, identification of deformation distribution is usually carried out by artificial interpretation. This method requires analysts to have adequate experience of radar imaging and target recognition, otherwise it can easily cause false recognition of deformation target or region. Therefore, it is very meaningful to connect two-dimensional (2D) plane coordinate system with the common three-dimensional (3D) terrain coordinate system. To improve the global accuracy and reliability of the transformation from 2D coordinates of GB-SAR images to local 3D coordinates, and overcome the limitation of traditional similarity transformation parameter estimation method, 3D laser scanning data is used to assist the transformation of GB-SAR image coordinates. A straight line fitting method for calculating horizontal angle was proposed in this paper. After projection into a consistent imaging plane, we can calculate horizontal rotation angle by using the linear characteristics of the structure in radar image and the 3D coordinate system. Aided by external elevation information by 3D laser scanning technology, we completed the matching of point clouds and pixels on the projection plane according to the geometric projection principle of GB-SAR imaging realizing the transformation calculation of GB-SAR image coordinates to local 3D coordinates. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by the GB-SAR deformation monitoring experiment on the high slope of Geheyan dam.

scholarly journals EQUAL PROPORTION REPRODUCTION METHOD OF GROTTO BASED ON POINT CLOUD

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 1215-1219
Author(s):  
P. Wei ◽  
A. Li ◽  
M. Hou ◽  
L. Zhu ◽  
D. Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
3D Laser Scanning ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
3D Printing Technology

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The rapid development of 3D laser scanning and 3D printing technology provides new technologies and ideas for cultural relic protection and reproduction. Aiming at the requirement of equal proportional reproduction of large-scale grottoes, this paper takes the point cloud data of the 18th Cave of Yungang Grottoes obtained by 3D laser scanning as an example, and proposes a data processing and reproduction block partitioning method for equal proportion reproduction. The Cyclone, Geomagic and AutoCAD software were used to construct the 3D model of the grotto, and the 3D printing technology was used to realize the secondary design and model print. Among them, the research focuses on the modeling of massive point clouds and the method of model partitioning based on voxels. It can meet the requirements of movable and assembly while realizing the equal proportional reproduction of the whole grotto. The research results and application can be a good reference for the future grotto reproduction work.</p>

scholarly journals MOBILE INDOOR LASER SCANNING FOR 3D STRATA REGISTRATION PURPOSES BASED ON INDOORGML

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W16 ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
M. N. Hashim ◽  
M. I. Hassan ◽  
A. Abdul Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Modelling ◽  
3D Cadastre ◽  
The Right

Abstract. In Malaysia, the current 2D cadastre system is regularly updated by the National Mapping Agency (NMA) and Land Offices (LO). However, this 2D information may not be able to serve complex situations. The 3D strata acquisition and 3D modelling are important for strata title to manage the Right, Restriction and Responsibility (RRRs). This means there is a need for the system to be extended into 3D cadastre environment. One of the data acquisition techniques such as LiDAR from Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) could be utilised to solve the problem. This research also discusses the 3D geospatial objects generated from the captured point-clouds, modelled in SketchUp and transformed into IndoorGML. In this study, Web application is developed as a platform for generating an integrated XML-IndoorGML schema. Thus, this research contributes on 3D strata modelling especially for the development of 3D strata registration in Malaysia.

scholarly journals TOWARDS THE AUTOMATIC 3D PARAMETRIZATION OF NON-PLANAR SURFACES FROM POINT CLOUDS IN HBIM APPLICATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W15 ◽  
pp. 1023-1030
Author(s):  
J. Román ◽  
P. M. Lerones ◽  
J. Llamas ◽  
E. Zalama ◽  
J. Gómez-García-Bermejo
Keyword(s):  
Point Cloud ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
3D Laser Scanning ◽  
Architectural Elements ◽  
Planar Surfaces ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Renaissance Period

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> 3D laser scanning and photogrammetric 3D reconstruction generate point clouds from which the geometry of BIM models can be created. However, a few methods do this automatically for concrete architectural elements, but in no case for the entirety of heritage assets. A novel procedure for the automatic recognition and parametrization of non-planar surfaces of heritage immovable assets is presented using point clouds as raw input data. The methodology is able to detect the most relevant architectural features in a point cloud and their interdependences through the analysis of the intersections of related elements. The non-planar surfaces detected, mainly cylinders, are studied in relation to the neighbouring planar surfaces present in the cloud so that the boundaries of both the planar and the non-planar surfaces are accurately defined. The procedure is applied to the emblematic Castle of Torrelobatón, located in Valladolid (Spain) to allow the cataloguing of required elements, as illustrative example of the European defensive architecture from the Middle age to the Renaissance period. Results and conclusions are reported to evaluate the performance of this approach.</p>

scholarly journals Influence of Scan Density on the Estimation of Single-Tree Attributes by Hand-Held Mobile Laser Scanning

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Del Perugia ◽  
Francesca Giannetti ◽  
Gherardo Chirici ◽  
Davide Travaglini
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Scan Path

Nowadays, forest inventories are frequently carried out using a combination of field measurements and remote sensing data, often acquired with light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors. Several studies have investigated how three-dimensional laser scanning point clouds from different platforms can be used to acquire information traditionally collected with forest instruments, such as hypsometers and callipers to detect single-tree attributes like tree height and diameter at the breast height. The present study has tested the performances of the ZEB1 instrument, a type of hand-held mobile laser scanner, for single-tree attributes estimation in pure Castanea sativa Mill. stands cultivated for fruit production in Central Italy. In particular, the influence of walking scan path density on single-tree attributes estimation (number of trees, tree position, diameter at breast height, tree height, and crown base height) was investigated to test the efficiency of field measures. The point clouds were acquired by walking along straight lines drawn with different spacing: 10 and 15 m apart. A single-tree scan approach, which included walking with the instrument around each tree, was used as reference data. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the survey, the influence of the walking scan path was discussed in relation to the accuracy of single-tree attributes estimation, as well as the time and cost needed for data acquisition, pre-processing, and analysis. Our results show that the 10 m scan path provided the best results, with an omission error of 6%; the assessment of single-tree attributes was successful, with values of the coefficient of determination and the relative root mean square error similar to other studies. The 10 m scan path has also proved to decrease the costs by about €14 for data pre-processing, and a saving of time for data acquisition and data analysis of about 37 min compared to the reference data.

scholarly journals Measurement of Forest Inventory Parameters with Apple iPad Pro and Integrated LiDAR Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3129
Author(s):  
Christoph Gollob ◽  
Tim Ritter ◽  
Ralf Kraßnitzer ◽  
Andreas Tockner ◽  
Arne Nothdurft
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Ecosystem Monitoring ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
3D Point Clouds ◽  
Apple Ipad ◽  
Laser Scanners

The estimation of single tree and complete stand information is one of the central tasks of forest inventory. In recent years, automatic algorithms have been successfully developed for the detection and measurement of trees with laser scanning technology. Nevertheless, most of the forest inventories are nowadays carried out with manual tree measurements using traditional instruments. This is due to the high investment costs for modern laser scanner equipment and, in particular, the time-consuming and incomplete nature of data acquisition with stationary terrestrial laser scanners. Traditionally, forest inventory data are collected through manual surveys with calipers or tapes. Practically, this is both labor and time-consuming. In 2020, Apple implemented a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor in the new Apple iPad Pro (4th Gen) and iPhone Pro 12. Since then, access to LiDAR-generated 3D point clouds has become possible with consumer-level devices. In this study, an Apple iPad Pro was tested to produce 3D point clouds, and its performance was compared with a personal laser scanning (PLS) approach to estimate individual tree parameters in different forest types and structures. Reference data were obtained by traditional measurements on 21 circular forest inventory sample plots with a 7 m radius. The tree mapping with the iPad showed a detection rate of 97.3% compared to 99.5% with the PLS scans for trees with a lower diameter at a breast height (dbh) threshold of 10 cm. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the best dbh measurement out of five different dbh modeling approaches was 3.13 cm with the iPad and 1.59 cm with PLS. The data acquisition time with the iPad was approximately 7.51 min per sample plot; this is twice as long as that with PLS but 2.5 times shorter than that with traditional forest inventory equipment. In conclusion, the proposed forest inventory with the iPad is generally feasible and achieves accurate and precise stem counts and dbh measurements with efficient labor effort compared to traditional approaches. Along with future technological developments, it is expected that other consumer-level handheld devices with integrated laser scanners will also be developed beyond the iPad, which will serve as an accurate and cost-efficient alternative solution to the approved but relatively expensive TLS and PLS systems. Such a development would be mandatory to broadly establish digital technology and fully automated routines in forest inventory practice. Finally, high-level progress is generally expected for the broader scientific community in forest ecosystem monitoring, as the collection of highly precise 3D point cloud data is no longer hindered by financial burdens.

scholarly journals Automated Analysis of Barley Organs Using 3D Laser Scanning: An Approach for High Throughput Phenotyping

Sensors ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 12670-12686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Paulus ◽  
Jan Dupuis ◽  
Sebastian Riedel ◽  
Heiner Kuhlmann
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
3D Laser Scanning ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping
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