scholarly journals Modeling of Some Operating Parameters Required for the Development of Fixed Bed Small Scale Pyrolysis Plant

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bacskai ◽  
Madar ◽  
Fogarassy ◽  
Toth
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Mathematical Function ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Pyrolysis Unit

In recent years, we have read a lot of research aimed at creating a small, easy-to-mobilize pyrolysis unit. But these devices were not efficiently designed. According to literature data, small equipment (5.0–50 kW) has to be considered differently on the combustion aspects, compared to a larger pyrolysis unit. The main purpose of our research is to determine the operating characteristics of a small fixed bedding CHP (combined heat and power) pyrolysis power plant. At the design stage, it is also critical to know the properties of the biomass (usually different biological wastes) used on the input side. The use of a wide diversity of biomass waste may result in the volume of material remains and the energy produced is not usable in the right form. To obtain a clear picture of the combustion conditions, a fixed bedding pilot pyrolysis device was made. With the measurements in the experimental apparatus, we have a clearer picture of the changes in some of combustion parameters. We have examined exactly how the size and hardness of biomass materials affect the efficiency of pyrolysis. By modelling the “mass change”—with the knowledge of the material content, physical characteristics, and the parameters of the pyrolysis equipment—the amount of the expected material remains, and combustion conditions can be predicted with a mathematical function. We have found an appropriate mathematical model (R2 = 0.8758) to describe the relationship between gas production and material structure for a given period.

A Study of the Performance of Inertia Air Filters

1969 ◽  
Vol 184 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-174
Author(s):  
D. E. Gee ◽  
B. N. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Performance Testing ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Air Filters ◽  
Test Programme ◽  
Wide Range

This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study of the design and performance of inertia air filters, with particular reference to rail traction duty. Using a specially constructed test rig, performance testing of commercially available filters was carried out over a wide range of operating conditions. Subsequently, a more fundamental study of some design variables was carried out in a small-scale test rig. The testing was supported by a theoretical approach using a digital computer model of the inertia filtration process. The results of the work indicate that the inertia filter is suited to high-volume, low pressure drop applications. However, operational difficulties, owing to dust build-up occurring within the filter and variations of bleed ratio, may be encountered. The theoretical model was shown to reproduce all the major operating characteristics of the filters measured in the test programme, and to respond to design changes in a similar way to that indicated by earlier published work. A hypothesis of the mechanism of separation is proposed, and it is suggested that the performance of new filter layouts can be examined at the design stage. Supporting work describes the selection, measurement, and production of a suitable range of polydisperse solids for the test programme.

scholarly journals UNJUK KERJA PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR TAHU SECARA BIOLOGI

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indriyati Indriyati ◽  
Joko Prayitno Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Loading Rate ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Anaerobic Digester ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Organic Loading Rate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Organic Loading ◽  
Optimum Performance

Sebagian besar industri makanan, termasuk industri tahu membuang limbah cairnya yang mengandung bahan organik dengan kadar tinggi (lebih dari 16,483 mg/L) langsung ke badan air. Dengan menggunakan teknologi yang tepat, limbah cair ini dapat diolah lebih lanjut untuk menghasilkan produk samping berupa biogas yang mengandunggas methan sebagai substitusi energi pada industri yang bersangkutan. Desa Kalisari merupakan salah satu sentra industri UKM tahu, untuk mengolah limbah cair yang dihasilkan oleh industri-industri ini diperlukan reaktor biogas “anaerobic digester “ dengan kapasitas 20 m3. Hasil pengolahan limbah cair ini, disamping dapat menurunkan kandungan bahan organik yang terkandung, juga sekaligus dapat menghasilkan biogas yang produksinya sangat tergantung pada laju beban (loading rate) yang dimasukkan ke dalam reaktor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh laju beban dan produksi  biogas yang optimal sebagai dasar untuk mengetahui unjuk kerja optimal (optimum performance) Fixed Bed reactor untuk mengolah limbah cair tahu dari 25 industri tahu rumah tangga. Kata kunci : anarobic, Fixed Bed. AbstractAlmost of food industries such as tofu industry discharge waste water that high organic content in about 16,483 mg/L and the application method of wase water treatment produce side product such as biogas that contain methane gas, that biogas can used  as energy substitution for the industry itself. According to the experienced in the Kalisarivillage there are a lot of small scale tofu industries , and it was built a 20 m3 bio reactor to treat the waste water. The tofu industry waste water is treated anaerobic by using anaerobic digester. Beside, reducing the organic pollutant, it is also produce biogas depend on the organic loading rate which come to the reactor. In this experiment areto find out the optimum of loading rate and also looking for the optimum gas production. According to organic loading rate can be seen the optimum performance of Fixed Bed reactor.The optimum biogas production is used to run the stoves for 25 households. Key word : anarobic, Fixed Bed.

scholarly journals Development of a simplified gas ultracleaning process: experiments in biomass residue-based fixed-bed gasification syngas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Frilund ◽  
Esa Kurkela ◽  
Ilkka Hiltunen
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Carbonyl Sulfide ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cleaning Process ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Adsorption Affinity

AbstractFor the realization of small-scale biomass-to-liquid (BTL) processes, low-cost syngas cleaning remains a major obstacle, and for this reason a simplified gas ultracleaning process is being developed. In this study, a low- to medium-temperature final gas cleaning process based on adsorption and organic solvent-free scrubbing methods was coupled to a pilot-scale staged fixed-bed gasification facility including hot filtration and catalytic reforming steps for extended duration gas cleaning tests for the generation of ultraclean syngas. The final gas cleaning process purified syngas from woody and agricultural biomass origin to a degree suitable for catalytic synthesis. The gas contained up to 3000 ppm of ammonia, 1300 ppm of benzene, 200 ppm of hydrogen sulfide, 10 ppm of carbonyl sulfide, and 5 ppm of hydrogen cyanide. Post-run characterization displayed that the accumulation of impurities on the Cu-based deoxygenation catalyst (TOS 105 h) did not occur, demonstrating that effective main impurity removal was achieved in the first two steps: acidic water scrubbing (AWC) and adsorption by activated carbons (AR). In the final test campaign, a comprehensive multipoint gas analysis confirmed that ammonia was fully removed by the scrubbing step, and benzene and H2S were fully removed by the subsequent activated carbon beds. The activated carbons achieved > 90% removal of up to 100 ppm of COS and 5 ppm of HCN in the syngas. These results provide insights into the adsorption affinity of activated carbons in a complex impurity matrix, which would be arduous to replicate in laboratory conditions.

scholarly journals SPEAR (Solar Pyrolysis Energy Access Reactor): Theoretical Design and Evaluation of a Small-Scale Low-Cost Pyrolysis Unit for Implementation in Rural Communities

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2189
Author(s):  
Cesare Caputo ◽  
Ondřej Mašek
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Tracking Error ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Pyrolysis Unit

Energy access and waste management are two of the most pressing developmental and environmental issues on a global level to help mitigate the accelerating impacts of climate change. They are particularly relevant in Sub–Saharan Africa where electrification rates are significantly below global averages and rural areas are lacking a formal waste management sector. This paper explores the potential of integrating solar energy into a biomass pyrolysis unit as a potentially synergetic solution to both issues. The full design of a slow pyrolysis batch reactor targeted at biochar production, following a strict cost minimization approach, is presented in light of the relevant considerations. SPEAR is powered using a Cassegrain optics parabolic dish system, integrated into the reactor via a manual tracking system and optically optimized with a Monte-Carlo ray tracing methodology. The design approach employed has led to the development an overall cost efficient system, with the potential to achieve optical efficiencies up 72% under a 1.5° tracking error. The outputs of the system are biochar and electricity, to be used for soil amendment and energy access purposes, respectively. There is potential to pyrolyze a number of agricultural waste streams for the region, producing at least 5 kg of biochar per unit per day depending on the feedstock employed. Financial assessment of SPEAR yields a positive Net Present Value (NPV) in nearly all scenarios evaluated and a reasonable competitiveness with small scale solar for electrification objectives. Finally, SPEAR presents important positive social and environmental externalities and should be feasibly implementable in the region in the near term.

scholarly journals A broadbanded pressure differential wave energy converter based on dielectric elastomer generators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Righi ◽  
Giacomo Moretti ◽  
David Forehand ◽  
Lorenzo Agostini ◽  
Rocco Vertechy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Large Deformations ◽  
Dielectric Elastomer ◽  
Wave Energy Converter ◽  
Pressure Differential ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Converter ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Waves

AbstractDielectric elastomer generators (DEGs) are a promising option for the implementation of affordable and reliable sea wave energy converters (WECs), as they show considerable promise in replacing expensive and inefficient power take-off systems with cheap direct-drive generators. This paper introduces a concept of a pressure differential wave energy converter, equipped with a DEG power take-off operating in direct contact with sea water. The device consists of a closed submerged air chamber, with a fluid-directing duct and a deformable DEG power take-off mounted on its top surface. The DEG is cyclically deformed by wave-induced pressure, thus acting both as the power take-off and as a deformable interface with the waves. This layout allows the partial balancing of the stiffness due to the DEG’s elasticity with the negative hydrostatic stiffness contribution associated with the displacement of the water column on top of the DEG. This feature makes it possible to design devices in which the DEG exhibits large deformations over a wide range of excitation frequencies, potentially achieving large power capture in a wide range of sea states. We propose a modelling approach for the system that relies on potential-flow theory and electroelasticity theory. This model makes it possible to predict the system dynamic response in different operational conditions and it is computationally efficient to perform iterative and repeated simulations, which are required at the design stage of a new WEC. We performed tests on a small-scale prototype in a wave tank with the aim of investigating the fluid–structure interaction between the DEG membrane and the waves in dynamical conditions and validating the numerical model. The experimental results proved that the device exhibits large deformations of the DEG power take-off over a broad range of monochromatic and panchromatic sea states. The proposed model demonstrates good agreement with the experimental data, hence proving its suitability and effectiveness as a design and prediction tool.

Effect of Silicon Carbide Susceptor and Nickel Catalyst Content on Microwave Enhanced Thermal Conversion of Glycerol Waste

2010 ◽  
Vol 658 ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Yotwadee Hawangchu ◽  
Duangduen Atong ◽  
Viboon Sricharoenchaikul
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Nickel Catalyst ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Spent Catalyst ◽  
Catalyst Content ◽  
Transesterification Method

Glycerol waste is by-product from the manufacturing of biodiesel by transesterification method containing impurities such as fatty acid, alcohol, spent catalyst, soap and water. Conversion of this waste to value added fuel products would not only improve economic of biodiesel production but also reduce environmental impact from this process. In this work, thermal conversion of glycerol waste by microwave that induced the heat required for initiating the reaction was carried out in a fixed bed quartz reactor using silicon carbide as the bed medium for microwave receptor as well as supporter for nickel catalyst. For non-catalytic reaction at 220W (700°C), carbon and hydrogen conversions were 22.89% and 19.59%, respectively. Gas production was 0.12 L/min syngas, 0.07 L/min H2, 0.82 MJ/m3 of LHV, and 1.27 H2/CO. In catalytic test, the highest syngas, H2, and LHV of 0.41 L/min, 0.23 L/min, and 9.18 MJ/m3, respectively, were obtained from 1%Ni/SiC while the highest H2/CO of 2.72 was obtained from 0.5%Ni/SiC. The 1%Ni/SiC test also resulted in the highest conversion of carbon and hydrogen as much as 79.50% and 83.26%, respectively. For comparison between fresh and regenerated catalysts, it was found that fresh catalyst performed significantly better that regenerated one in term of higher total conversion which may due to sodium deposition on spent catalyst surface.

Advanced Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Sequencing Batch Reactor Activated Sludge Process

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Imura ◽  
E. Suzuki ◽  
T. Kitao ◽  
S. Iwai
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Experimental Plant ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Experimental Apparatus

In order to apply a sequencing batch reactor activated sludge process to small scale treatment facilities, various experiments were conducted by manufacturing an experimental apparatus made of a factory-produced FRP cylinder transverse tank (Ø 2,500mm). Results of the verification test conducted for one year by leading the wastewater discharged from apartment houses into the experimental apparatus were as follows. Excellent performance was achieved without any addition of carbon source, irrespective of the organic compound concentration and the temperature of raw wastewater. Organic substances, nitrogen and phosphorus were removed simultaneously. Due to the automated operation format, stable performance was obtained with only periodic maintenance. Though water depth of the experimental plant was shallow, effective sedimentation of activated sludge was continued during the experimental period. Regarding the aerobic and anaerobic process, nitrification and denitrification occurred smoothly.

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