scholarly journals History and Myth: Mahāmudrā Lineage Accounts in the 12th-Century Xixia Buddhist Literature

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Linghui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Buddhist Literature ◽  
The Third ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Spiritual Legacy ◽  
History And Myth

Mahāmudrā—an Indo-Tibetan phenomenon of Buddhist spirituality—constitutes in its systematic presentation a path that maps out the mystical quest for direct experience of ultimate reality. Despite the post-15th century bKa’-brgyud attempts at a codified Mahāmudrā genealogy, the early Tibetan sources speak little with regards to how the different Indian Mahāmudrā threads made their way over the Himalayas. To fill this gap, the article investigates, via philological and historical approaches, the lineage accounts in the 12th-century Xixia Mahāmudrā materials against the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist landscape. Three transmission lines are detected. Among them, two lines are attested by later Tibetan historiographical accounts about Mahāmudrā, and thus belong to an Indo-Tibetan continuum of the constructed Buddhist yogic past based upon historical realities—at least as understood by Tibetans of the time. The third one is more of a collage patching together different claims to spiritual legacy and religious authority—be they historically based or introspectively projected. Not only does the Mahāmudrā topography, jointly fueled by these three transmissions, reveal the Xixia recognition and imagination of the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist legacies, it also captures the complexities of the multi-faceted picture of Mahāmudrā on its way over the Himalayas during the 11th/12th century.

scholarly journals Rangjung dorje's variegations of mind: ordinary awareness and pristine awareness in tibetan buddhist literature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sheehy
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Buddhist ◽  
Buddhist Literature ◽  
The Third

Examination of Tibetan Buddhist contemplative and psychological understandings of the operations of ordinary awareness (rnam shes) in comparison with pristine awareness (ye shes), based on a seminal text by the Third Karmapa Rangjung Dorje (1284-1339).

Results of Archaeoparasitological and Palynological Analyzes of the Contents of the Sewage Drain of the Chorgun Tower (South-Western Crimea)

2021 ◽  
pp. 377-389
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Nedelkin ◽  
◽  
Alexander Khrustalev ◽  
Anna Babenko ◽  
Sergey Slepchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Third ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Palynological Study ◽  
Sanitary Conditions ◽  
The Village ◽  
Constant Source

The article presents the results of an archaeoparasitological and palynological study of a sample taken from the sewage drain of the Chorgun Tower. This is a fortification on the territory of the village of Chernorechie (South-Western Crimea). According to archaeological research, the construction of the keep dates back to the third quarter of the 15th century. Four types of eggs of intestinal parasites infecting humans and synanthropic animals were identified in the sample. Regarding parasitic and infectious gastrointestinal diseases, human whipworm and roundworm eggs found in the sample are indicative of relatively unfavorable sanitary conditions of the fortification. Based on the features of the archaeoparasitological spectrum, it can be concluded that anthelminthic agents were used or food with antiparasitic effects against roundworms was consumed. The difficult sanitary and epidemiological situation was also complicated by synanthropic rodents, such as rats and domestic mice, which could be a constant source of dangerous infections in the Chorgun Keep. A palynological study of the contents of the sewage runoff made it possible to obtain additional information on the nutrition of people who used the latrine facilities in the Chorgun Keep. What is equally important is that the study demonstrates the possibilities of methods for the study of canalization as a source of bioarchaeological information.

scholarly journals Archaeological excavations in St Giles' Cathedral Edinburgh, 1981-93

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Collard ◽  
John Lawson ◽  
Nicholas Holmes ◽  
Derek Hall ◽  
George Haggarty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Church ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
The South ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
East End ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
The Church

The report describes the results of excavations in 1981, ahead of development within the South Choir Aisle of St Giles' Cathedral, and subsequent archaeological investigations within the kirk in the 1980s and 1990s. Three main phases of activity from the 12th to the mid-16th centuries were identified, with only limited evidence for the post-Reformation period. Fragmentary evidence of earlier structural remains was recorded below extensive landscaping of the natural steep slope, in the form of a substantial clay platform constructed for the 12th-century church. The remains of a substantial ditch in the upper surface of this platform are identified as the boundary ditch of the early ecclesiastical enclosure. A total of 113 in situ burials were excavated; the earliest of these formed part of the external graveyard around the early church. In the late 14th century the church was extended to the south and east over this graveyard, and further burials and structural evidence relating to the development of the kirk until the 16th century were excavated, including evidence for substantive reconstruction of the east end of the church in the mid-15th century. Evidence for medieval slat-bottomed coffins of pine and spruce was recovered, and two iron objects, which may be ferrules from pilgrims' staffs or batons, were found in 13th/14th-century burials.

scholarly journals CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGES OF THE THIRD QUARTER OF THE 15th CENTURY FROM THE FUNA CASTLE: UTENSILS OF THE «GARRISON KITCHEN»

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-67
Author(s):  
I. B. Teslenko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
The Third ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Ceramic Assemblages

The Funa fortress is located in southern Crimea and is one of the reference architectural and archaeological complexes of the Northern Pontic Region with precise date of existence. The fortress was built by Mangup authorities near 1423 on the border with possessions of Genoese and was destroyed in a fire during the Turkish invasion of the Crimea in 1475. The detailed chronology of the site which includes three stages of its construction history — 1423, 1425—1450s and 1459—1475, has been developed so far. So it becomes possible to clarify the dating of ceramic finds in line with these periods also. Ceramic assemblages of the last stage from the layers of fire and destruction of 1475 are the most representative. There is the complex from courtyard 1 among them. The ceramic collection includes 101 and 163 fully or partially reconstructed vessels respectively. There are large and average household containers, various kitchen utensils and tableware, both of the local Crimean production and import (Miletus Ware, Spanish Luster and Blue and White Ware, Fritware). The comparative analysis of artefacts made it possible to establish the chronological changes in ceramic assemblages during 25 years. Moreover, statistical and typological studies of the pottery from the layer of fire demonstrated a set of vessels there is suitable for cooking and table setting for at least 40 people. Large number of luxury tableware for diverse using and their location in the context allow suggest that there was a large feast on the platform above the «kitchen», and the remains of this banquet were not removed. According to the archaeological evidence as well as analysis of historical events the inhabitants of the fortress could burn it themselves before Turkish invasion and retreat to the capital of the principality at Mangup. Perhaps the remains of a farewell feast arranged just before leaving was fixed archaeologically.

Some Observations on the Jātakas

1939 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-251
Author(s):  
B. C. Law
Keyword(s):  
Third Century ◽  
Late Professor ◽  
Birth Stories ◽  
Buddhist Literature ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pali Canon ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Pāli Canon

Though much has been written on the Jātakas or Buddha's Birth-stories, there is no consensus of opinion as yet about the exact signification of the term Jātaka as employed in Buddhist literature. One may correctly say, no doubt, with the late Professor Rhys Davids that the Jātaka proper is atītavatthu or the “story of the past”. It is precisely in this sense that the Bharhut labels designate many of the illustrations. Though this is generally the case with the Jatakas, Professor B. M. Barua contends for a definition of Jataka which embraces also the paccuppanna-vatthu, or the “story of the present”. He points out that according to the Culla-Niddesa, a work of the Pāli Canon, which cannot be dated earlier than the third century b.c., the term Jātaka is obviously applied alike to the story of the present and to that of the past, the undermentioned four Suttantas being mentioned as typical examples of Jātaka:—(1) Mahāpadāniya.(2) Mahā-Sudassanīya.(3) Mahā-Govindiya.(4) Maghādeviya.

La réciprocité dans les langues romanes anciennes

Revue Romane ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikołaj Nkollo
Keyword(s):  
Old French ◽  
European Languages ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Evolutionary Pathways ◽  
Old Portuguese

The paper traces evolutionary pathways of various methods of expressing reciprocity found in Old French (12th century) and Old Portuguese (13–15th century) texts. Most of grammaticalization patterns responsible for the emergence of reciprocal markers and documented in human languages are demonstrated to have been active in Old Romance, too. Medieval reciprocal exponents are first compared with their Latin ancestors to show what Romance innovations consisted in and what formal means were retained throughout. Then, an account is given of how the two languages were different from each other. Finally, two suggestions are made on how current grammaticalization theory can be modified so as to grasp more efficiently the origin of reciprocal markers found in European languages.

scholarly journals Biogradska predromanička skulptura

Ars Adriatica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Ivan Josipović
Keyword(s):  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
The Third ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Stone Carving ◽  
The Times

This paper analyses the extant pre-Romanesque sculpture from Biograd, classifying it into homogeneous groups based on stylistic and visualmorphological features, and attributing it to various stone-carving workshops active from the last decades of the 8th until the late 9th century. Most of the fragments have been associated with the recently identified atelier called “Workshop of the Plutei of the Zadar Cathedral” and dated approximately to the last decades of the 8th or the very beginning of the 9th century. Some of the remaining fragments have been linked to the stone-carving workshops active in the times of the Croatian dukes Trpimir and Branimir, and thus dated to the middle and the last quarter of the 9th century, respectively. As for the rest of the reliefs, it has only been possible to establish that they show features of mature pre-Romanesque style typical of the 9th century, with three interesting fragments dated to a somewhat later period based on their stylistic features: two of them to the mid-11th and the third to the first quarter of the 12th century. Finally, an analysis and attribution of three fragments of two pilasters that were later re-carved as an architrave, discovered in St Chrysogonus’ church in Zadar, has helped the author to establish a chronological distinction between two early stone-carving productions identified in the broader Zadar region. One of them is the “Workshop of the Plutei of the Zadar Cathedral”, which helps in dating the largest group of pre-Romanesque reliefs from Biograd with greater accuracy.

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