scholarly journals Ultrasound-Assisted Transglutaminase Catalysis of the Cross-Linking and Microstructure of αs-Casein, β-Casein and κ-Casein

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1630
Author(s):  
Chun-Chi Chen ◽  
Liang-Yu Chen ◽  
Wen-Tai Li ◽  
Ken-Lin Chang ◽  
Hsien-Wei Tseng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Comprehensive Utilization ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscopy Investigation ◽  
Electron Microscopy Investigation ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Individual

The effects of ultrasonic treatment (UT)-assisted transglutaminase (TGase) catalysis on the physicochemical properties of individual αs-casein (αs-CN), β-casein (β-CN), and κ-casein (κ-CN) were investigated. After 60 min of incubation at 30 °C, αs-CN, β-CN, and κ-CN were cross-linked with TGase (6.0 units/mL), and high molecular weight polymers (>200 kDa) were formed. The use of TGase in conjunction with UT (20 kHz, power of 400 W, and amplitude 20%) led to an increase in the rate of αs-CN, β-CN, and κ-CN polymerization compared to the individual casein that contained TGase but did not undergo UT. SDS-PAGE scrutiny showed that the intensities of αs-CN, β-CN, and κ-CN incubation with regard to TGase and UT at 30 °C for 60 min noticeably decreased to 5.66 ± 0.39, 3.97 ± 0.43, and 26.07 ± 1.18%, respectively (p < 0.05). Particle size analysis results indicated that the molecule size appropriation for the cross-linking of αs-CN, β-CN, and κ-CN ranged from 6000 to 10,000 nm after 60 min incubation with TGase and UT. Transmission electron microscopy investigation showed network structures of cross-linking αs-CN, β-CN, and κ-CN were formed from αs-CN, β-CN, and κ-CN, respectively. As our results show, the comprehensive utilization of TGase and UT will be a superior method for the polymerization of αs-CN, β-CN, and κ-CN.

scholarly journals Influence of Microbial Transglutaminase on Physicochemical and Cross-Linking Characteristics of Individual Caseins

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 3992
Author(s):  
Chun-Chi Chen ◽  
Liang-Yu Chen ◽  
Der-Sheng Chan ◽  
Bang-Yuan Chen ◽  
Hsien-Wei Tseng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Microbial Transglutaminase ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Scanning Electron

The effects of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) cross-linking on the physicochemical characteristics of individual caseins were investigated. MTGase was used to modify three major individual caseins, namely, κ-casein (κ-CN), αS-casein (αS-CN) and β-casein (β-CN). The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that MTGase-induced cross-linking occurred during the reaction and that some components with high molecular weights (>130 kDa) were formed from the individual proteins κ-CN, αS-CN and β-CN. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analysis respectively demonstrated that the κ-CN, αS-CN and β-CN particle diameters and protein microstructures were larger and polymerized after MTGase cross-linking. The polymerized κ-CN (~749.9 nm) was smaller than that of β-CN (~7909.3 nm) and αS-CN (~7909.3 nm). The enzyme kinetics results showed KM values of 3.04 × 10−6, 2.37 × 10−4 and 8.90 × 10−3 M for κ-CN, αS-CN and β-CN, respectively, and, furthermore, kcat values of 5.17 × 10−4, 1.92 × 10−3 and 4.76 × 10−2 1/s, for κ-CN, αS-CN and β-CN, respectively. Our results revealed that the cross-linking of β-CN catalyzed by MTGase was faster than that of αS-CN or κ-CN. Overall, the polymers that formed in the individual caseins in the presence of MTGase presented a higher molecular weight and larger particles.

scholarly journals Understanding the local structure of disordered carbons from cellulose and lignin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yujie Meng ◽  
Cristian I. Contescu ◽  
Peizhi Liu ◽  
Siqun Wang ◽  
Seung-Hwan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Graphite Sheet ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscopy Investigation ◽  
Electron Microscopy Investigation ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Disordered Carbon ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Softwood Kraft Lignin

AbstractAn electron microscopy investigation was performed to understand the relationship between the microstructure and properties of carbonized cellulose and lignin (softwood kraft lignin) relative to the structure of the original biomass components. Structure details at micro- and molecular levels were investigated by scanning transmission electron microscopy. Atomic-resolution images revealed the presence of random disordered carbon in carbonized cellulose (C-CNC) and of large domains of well-ordered carbon with graphite sheet structure in carbonized lignin (C-Lignin). These structural differences explain why C-CNC exhibits higher surface area and porosity than C-Lignin. The presence of certain well-ordered carbon in carbonized lignin indicates some of the carbon in lignin are graphitized with heat treatment temperature up to 950 °C. This result is encouraging for future endeavors of attaining acceptable modulus of carbon fiber from lignin given suitable modifications to the chemistry and structure of lignin. The results of this research contribute to an improved understanding of the carbonization mechanism of the key cellulose and lignin components of biomass materials.

scholarly journals The Effect of Surfactant-Modified Montmorillonite on the Cross-Linking Efficiency of Polysiloxanes

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2623
Author(s):  
Monika Wójcik-Bania ◽  
Jakub Matusik
Keyword(s):  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
First Time ◽  
Substituent Influence ◽  
Benzyl Substituent

Polymer–clay mineral composites are an important class of materials with various applications in the industry. Despite interesting properties of polysiloxanes, such matrices were rarely used in combination with clay minerals. Thus, for the first time, a systematic study was designed to investigate the cross-linking efficiency of polysiloxane networks in the presence of 2 wt % of organo-montmorillonite. Montmorillonite (Mt) was intercalated with six quaternary ammonium salts of the cation structure [(CH3)2R’NR]+, where R = C12, C14, C16, and R’ = methyl or benzyl substituent. The intercalation efficiency was examined by X-ray diffraction, CHN elemental analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Textural studies have shown that the application of freezing in liquid nitrogen and freeze-drying after the intercalation increases the specific surface area and the total pore volume of organo-Mt. The polymer matrix was a poly(methylhydrosiloxane) cross-linked with two linear vinylsiloxanes of different siloxane chain lengths between end functional groups. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies have shown that the increase in d-spacing of organo-Mt and the benzyl substituent influence the degree of nanofillers’ exfoliation in the nanocomposites. The increase in the degree of organo-Mt exfoliation reduces the efficiency of hydrosilylation reaction monitored by FTIR. This was due to physical hindrance induced by exfoliated Mt particles.

scholarly journals Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of a Newly Designed Nutraceutical Self-Nanoemulsifying Self-Nanosuspension for Protection and Treatment of Cisplatin Induced Testicular Toxicity in Male Rats

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 408
Author(s):  
Sherif R. Abdel-All ◽  
Zeinab T. Abdel Shakour ◽  
Dalia M. N. Abouhussein ◽  
Enji Reda ◽  
Thoraya F. Sallam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antineoplastic Agent ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Tribulus Terrestris ◽  
Testicular Toxicity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

The incorporation of cisplatin (CP) as a cytotoxic antineoplastic agent in most chemotherapeutic protocols is a challenge due to its toxic effect on testicular tissues. Natural compounds present a promising trend in research, so a new nutraceutical formulation (NCF) was designed to diminish CP spermatotoxicity. A combination of three nutraceutical materials, 250 mg Spirulina platensis powder (SP), 25 mg Tribulus terrestris L. extract (TT), and 100 mg fish oil (FO) were formulated in self-nanoemulsifying self-nanosuspension (SNESNS). SP was loaded into the optimized self-nanoemulsifying system (30% FO, 50% span 80/cremophor EL and 20% isopropanol) and mixed with TT aqueous solution to form SNESNS. For the SP, phytochemical profiling revealed the presence of valuable amounts of fatty acids (FAs), amino acids, flavonoids, polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analysis confirmed the formation of nanoemulsion-based nanosuspension upon dilution. Method validation of the phytochemical constituents in NCF has been developed. Furthermore, NCF was biologically evaluated on male Wistar rats and revealed the improvement of spermatozoa, histopathological features, and biochemical markers over the CP and each ingredient group. Our findings suggest the potential of NCF with SNESNS as a delivery system against CP-induced testicular toxicity in male rats.

scholarly journals Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Immobilized on Activated Carbon Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity Enhancement Study and Its Application on Textiles Fabrics

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3790
Author(s):  
Pratama Jujur Wibawa ◽  
Muhammad Nur ◽  
Mukhammad Asy’ari ◽  
Wijanarka Wijanarka ◽  
Heru Susanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles

This research aimed to enhance the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from silver nitrate (AgNO3) using aloe vera extract. It was performed by means of incorporating AgNPs on an activated carbon nanoparticle (ACNPs) under ultrasonic agitation (40 kHz, 2 × 50 watt) for 30 min in an aqueous colloidal medium. The successful AgNPs synthesis was clarified with both Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometers. The successful AgNPs–ACNPs incorporation and its particle size analysis was performed using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The brown color suspension generation and UV-Vis’s spectra maximum wavelength at around 480 nm confirmed the existence of AgNPs. The particle sizes of the produced AgNPs were about 5 to 10 nm in the majority number, which collectively surrounded the aloe vera extract secondary metabolites formed core-shell like nanostructure of 8.20 ± 2.05 nm in average size, while ACNPs themselves were about 20.10 ± 1.52 nm in average size formed particles cluster, and 48.00 ± 8.37 nm in average size as stacking of other particles. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs and AgNPs-immobilized ACNPs was 57.58% and 63.64%, respectively (for E. coli); 61.25%, and 93.49%, respectively (for S. aureus). In addition, when the AgNPs-immobilized ACNPs material was coated on the cotton and polyester fabrics, the antibacterial activity of the materials changed, becoming 19.23% (cotton; E. coli), 31.73% (polyester; E. coli), 13.36% (cotton; S. aureus), 21.15% (polyester; S. aureus).

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