scholarly journals Thermal Analysis Technologies for Biomass Feedstocks: A State-of-the-Art Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1610
Author(s):  
Jun Sheng Teh ◽  
Yew Heng Teoh ◽  
Heoy Geok How ◽  
Farooq Sher
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Biomass Feedstocks ◽  
Biomass Processing ◽  
Thermochemical Processing

An effective analytical technique for biomass characterisation is inevitable for biomass utilisation in energy production. To improve biomass processing, various thermal conversion methods such as torrefaction, pyrolysis, combustion, hydrothermal liquefaction, and gasification have been widely used to improve biomass processing. Thermogravimetric analysers (TG) and gas chromatography (GC) are among the most fundamental analytical techniques utilised in biomass thermal analysis. Thus, GC and TG, in combination with MS, FTIR, or two-dimensional analysis, were used to examine the key parameters of biomass feedstock and increase the productivity of energy crops. We can also determine the optimal ratio for combining two separate biomass or coals during co-pyrolysis and co-gasification to achieve the best synergetic relationship. This review discusses thermochemical conversion processes such as torrefaction, combustion, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification. Then, the thermochemical conversion of biomass using TG and GC is discussed in detail. The usual emphasis on the various applications of biomass or bacteria is also discussed in the comparison of the TG and GC. Finally, this study investigates the application of technologies for analysing the composition and developed gas from the thermochemical processing of biomass feedstocks.

scholarly journals Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Municipal Waste into Useful Energy Using Advanced HiTAG/HiTSG Technology

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 4218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Stąsiek ◽  
Marek Szkodo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Numerical Studies ◽  
Extra Energy ◽  
Solid Biomass

An advanced thermal conversion system involving high-temperature gasification of biomass and municipal waste into biofuel, syngas or hydrogen-rich gas is presented in this paper. The decomposition of solid biomass and wastes by gasification is carried out experimentally with a modern and innovative regenerator and updraft continuous gasifier, among others. A ceramic high-cycle regenerator provides extra energy for the thermal conversion of biomass or any other solids waste. Highly preheated air and steam gas (heated up to 1600 °C) was used as an oxidizing or gasification agent (feed gas). Preheated feed gas also enhances the thermal decomposition of the gasification solids for fuel gas. However, the main objective of this work is to promote new and advanced technology for the thermochemical conversion of biomass for alternative energy production. Selected results from experimental and numerical studies are also presented.

Recent Developments in CE-MS Based Metabolomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Çelebier ◽  
Merve Nenni
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Ionic Compounds ◽  
Recent Sample ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Endogenous Metabolites ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Background: Metabolomics has gained importance in clinical applications over the last decade. Metabolomics studies are significant because the systemic metabolome is directly affected by disease conditions. Metabolome-based biomarkers are actively being developed for early diagnosis and to indicate the stage of specific diseases. Additionally, understanding the effect of an intervention on a living organism at the molecular level is a crucial strategy for understanding novel or unexpected biological processes. Results: The simultaneous improvements in advanced analytical techniques, sample preparation techniques, computer technology, and databank contents has enabled more valuable scientific information to be gained from metabolomics than ever before. With over 15,000 known endogenous metabolites, there is no single analytical technique capable of analyzing the whole metabolome. However, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is a unique technique used to analyze an important portion of metabolites not accessible by liquid chromatography or gas chromatography techniques. The analytical capability of CE, combined with recent sample preparation techniques focused on extracting polar-ionic compounds, make CE-MS a perfect technique for metabolomic studies. Conclusion: Here, previous reviews of CE-MS based metabolomics are evaluated to highlight recent improvements in this technique. Specifically, we review papers from the last two years (2018 and 2019) on CE-MS based metabolomics. The current situation and the challenges facing metabolomic studies are discussed to reveal the high potential of CE-MS for further studies, especially in biomarker development studies.

scholarly journals Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 874-881
Author(s):  
Laras Prasakti ◽  
Sangga Hadi Pratama ◽  
Ardian Fauzi ◽  
Yano Surya Pradana ◽  
Arief Budiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Exergy Loss ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Land Utilization

AbstractAs fossil fuels were depleting at an alarming rate, the development of renewable energy has become necessary. One of the promising renewable energy to be used is biodiesel. The interest in using third-generation feedstock, which is microalgae, is rapidly growing. The use of third-generation biodiesel feedstock will be more beneficial as it does not compete with food crop use and land utilization. The advantageous characteristic which sets microalgae apart from other biomass sources is that microalgae have high biomass yield. Conventionally, microalgae biodiesel is produced by lipid extraction followed by transesterification. In this study, combination process between hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and esterification is explored. The HTL process is one of the biomass thermochemical conversion methods to produce liquid fuel. In this study, the HTL process will be coupled with esterification, which takes fatty acid from HTL as raw material for producing biodiesel. Both the processes will be studied by simulating with Aspen Plus and thermodynamic analysis in terms of energy and exergy. Based on the simulation process, it was reported that both processes demand similar energy consumption. However, exergy analysis shows that total exergy loss of conventional exergy loss is greater than the HTL-esterification process.

Coupling hydrothermal liquefaction and anaerobic digestion for energy valorization from model biomass feedstocks

2017 ◽  
Vol 233 ◽  
pp. 134-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Posmanik ◽  
Rodrigo A. Labatut ◽  
Andrew H. Kim ◽  
Joseph G. Usack ◽  
Jefferson W. Tester ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Biomass Feedstocks

scholarly journals Mycotoxin Analysis: New Proposals for Sample Treatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares ◽  
José F. Huertas-Pérez ◽  
Ana M. García-Campaña ◽  
Laura Gámiz-Gracia
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Food Commodities

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by different fungi, with different chemical structures. Mycotoxins contaminate food, feed, or raw materials used in their production and cause diseases and disorders in humans and livestock. Because of their great variety of toxic effects and their extreme heat resistance, the presence of mycotoxins in food and feed is considered a high risk to human and animal health. In order to ensure food quality and health consumers, European legislation has set maximum contents of some mycotoxins in different matrices. However, there are still some food commodities susceptible to fungal contamination, which were not contemplated in this legislation. In this context, we have developed new analytical techniques for the multiclass determination of mycotoxins in a great variety of food commodities (some of them scarcely studied), such as cereals, pseudocereals, cereal syrups, nuts, edible seeds, and botanicals. Considering the latest technical developments, ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry has been chosen as an efficient, fast, and selective powerful analytical technique. In addition, alternative sample treatments based on emerging methodologies, such as dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and QuEChERS, have been developed, which allow an increased efficiency and sample throughput, as well as reducing contaminant waste.

scholarly journals Commentary on Ivancic et al.: Enzyme kinetics from circular dichroism of insulin reveals mechanistic insights into the regulation of insulin-degrading enzyme

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Grasso
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Label Free ◽  
Insulin Degrading Enzyme ◽  
Degrading Enzyme ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Biochemical Pathways ◽  
New Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
Free Environment ◽  
Enormous Number

Despite the enormous number of therapeutic advances in medicine, nowadays many diseases are still incurable, mainly due to the lack of knowledge of the pathological biochemical pathways triggering those diseases. For this reason, it is compulsory for the scientific community to investigate and unveil the biomolecular mechanisms responsible for the development of those diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes, which are widespread all over the world. In this scenario, it is of paramount importance to develop new analytical techniques and experimental procedures that are capable to make the above-mentioned investigations feasible. These new methods should allow easy performable analysis carried out in a label-free environment, in order to give reliable answers to specific biochemical questions. A recent paper published on Bioscience Reports by Ivancic et al. (https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20181416) proposes a new analytical technique capable to reveal some mechanistic insights into the regulation of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a protein involved in the above-mentioned diseases. IDE is a multifaceted enzyme having different and not well-defined roles in the cell, but it is primarily a proteolytic enzyme capable to degrade several different amyloidogenic substrates involved in different diseases. Moreover, many molecules are responsible for IDE activity modulation so that understanding how IDE activity is regulated represents a very challenging analytical task. The new analytical approach proposed by Ivancic et al. reports on the possibility to study IDE activity in an unbiased and label-free manner, representing a valid alternative assay for the investigation of any proteases degradative activity.

Near-infrared spectroscopy as a potential method for routine sediment analysis to improve rapidity and efficiency

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane F. Malley
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Sediment Analysis

The potential for improvement in the rapidity, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency of sediment analysis by the application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is recognized. The rapid (<2 min), non-chemical, non-destructive analytical technique of near-infrared (700–2500 nm) spectroscopy combines applied spectroscopy and complex statistics. It has been used for the experimental analysis of various constituents and functions of soils since the 1960s, and applications for the analysis of sediments are currently being explored. For application of NIRS, sediment samples require little preparation, other than drying, and the samples are not subject to the manipulations of conventional analytical techniques. The spectral information recorded in a 2 min scan can be used to predict numerous constituents and parameters on the samples once appropriate calibration equations have been prepared from sets of samples analyzed by both NIRS and conventional analytical techniques. Constituents and properties of soil and/or sediment analyzed by NIRS technology include moisture, organic matter content, organic C, CO3=, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, clay content, humic acids, lignin, cellulose, metal oxides, heavy metals, aggregate size, and inferred past pH of lakes. Several areas are identified where further research is needed to prepare for the application of NIRS to the routine analysis of sediments.

Repetitive Project Modelling With Penalty and Incentive

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Shurrab ◽  
Ghaleb Y. Abbasi ◽  
Osama Eljamal ◽  
Jalal T. Tanatrah
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Suggested Model ◽  
The Real ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Numerical Example ◽  
Graphical Technique ◽  
Project Model ◽  
Repetitive Activities

Repetitive construction activities have the same activities which are performed repeatedly. Repetitive projects include: pipelines, highways, and multi-story buildings. Repetitive projects have been modelled widely using the traditional network techniques although, they have some disadvantages. Furthermore, different approached have been developed for repetitive activities including the graphical and analytical techniques. The objective of this research is to add new enhancements on an approach called Repetitive Project Model (RPM) which is related to the repetitive construction projects. The enhancements incorporating the incentives and penalties within the RPM. This model incorporates a network technique, a graphical technique, and an analytical technique. A numerical example was demonstrated in this research paper to aid on using the suggested model in the real-life application.

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