scholarly journals Gas to Liquids Techno-Economics of Associated Natural Gas, Bio Gas, and Landfill Gas

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1568
Author(s):  
Federico Galli ◽  
Jun-Jie Lai ◽  
Jacopo De Tommaso ◽  
Gianluca Pauletto ◽  
Gregory S. Patience
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Gas To Liquids ◽  
The Impact

Methane is the second highest contributor to the greenhouse effect. Its global warming potential is 37 times that of CO2. Flaring-associated natural gas from remote oil reservoirs is currently the only economical alternative. Gas-to-liquid (GtL) technologies first convert natural gas into syngas, then it into liquids such as methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels or dimethyl ether. However, studies on the influence of feedstock composition are sparse, which also poses technical design challenges. Here, we examine the techno-economic analysis of a micro-refinery unit (MRU) that partially oxidizes methane-rich feedstocks and polymerizes the syngas formed via Fischer–Tropsch reaction. We consider three methane-containing waste gases: natural gas, biogas, and landfill gas. The FT fuel selling price is critical for the economy of the unit. A Monte Carlo simulation assesses the influence of the composition on the final product quantity as well as on the capital and operative expenses. The Aspen Plus simulation and Python calculate the net present value and payback time of the MRU for different price scenarios. The CO2 content in biogas and landfill gas limit the CO/H2 ratio to 1.3 and 0.9, respectively, which increases the olefins content of the final product. Compressors are the main source of capital cost while the labor cost represents 20–25% of the variable cost. An analysis of the impact of the plant dimension demonstrated that the higher number represents a favorable business model for this unit. A minimal production of 7,300,000 kg y−1 is required for MRU to have a positive net present value after 10 years when natural gas is the feedstock.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Two Rainwater Harvesting Systems Located in Central Eastern Europe

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Stec ◽  
Martina Zeleňáková
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Practical Aspect ◽  
Financial Ratios ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Toilet Flushing ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
The Impact

Decentralized water systems are perceived as solutions that not only save water, but also as a way to partially or completely become independent from centralized suppliers. Taking this into account, an analysis of the effectiveness of rainwater harvesting systems (RWHS) for toilet flushing in existing academic facilities located in Poland and in Slovakia was carried out. The tests took into account the different volumes of storage tanks collecting rainwater. On the basis of two financial ratios, namely Net Present Value and Discounted Payback Period, the profitability of these systems was also assessed. The research was extended by the sensitivity analysis, which allowed determination of the impact of changes in individual cost components on the financial effectiveness of the investments considered. The results obtained clearly showed that the implementation of RWHS in the dormitory in Rzeszów was unprofitable for all tank capacities tested, and the payback period significantly exceeded the period of 30 years accepted for the analysis. Completely different results were obtained for RWHS in a dormitory located in the city of Košice, for which the financial ratios NPV (Net Present Value) and DPP (Discounted Payback Period) were very favorable. It was also confirmed by the results of the sensitivity analysis. The use of rainwater for toilet flushing caused that it was possible to achieve water savings of an average of 29% and 18%, respectively, for facilities located in Slovakia and Poland. The results of the research have a practical aspect and can provide an indication for potential investors and managers of academic facilities, similar to those analyzed in the article. Taking into account that in many countries water and sewage rates are significantly higher than in Poland and Slovakia, the cost-effectiveness of using the analyzed installation options in these countries could be even higher.

scholarly journals Analisis Kelayakan Usahatani Jamur Tiram (pleurotus ostreatus) Kasus: Petani Jamur Tiram di Desa Peguyangan Kaja Kecamatan Denpasar Utara

2019 ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
IDA BAGUS SAHADEWA ◽  
RATNA KOMALA DEWI ◽  
IDA AYU LISTIA DEWI
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Operational Costs ◽  
Oyster Mushrooms ◽  
The Village

Analysis of Oyster Mushroom (pleurotusostreatus)(The Case of Oyster Mushroom Farmers in Peguyangan KajaVillage,North Denpasar Sub-District)The development of oyster mushrooms (pleurotusostreatus) is enough to encouragemushroom farming in Indonesia. The same thing was done by the farmers ofPeguyanganKaja Village, North Denpasar Sub-District, who were involved in oystermushroom farming. This research was conducted in August 2017 through December2017. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of oyster mushroombusiness, analyzed using Net Present Value (NPV) investment criteria, Net benefit costratio (Net B / C), Internal rate of return (IRR), Payback Period (PBP), and Sensitivityanalysis and knowing the constraints experienced by farmers in cultivating oystermushrooms.Based on the research and the results of the analysis that has been done, the followingconclusion can be arrived at. Oyster Mushroom Farming with a capacity of 1.000,2.500, 3.000, 5.000 and 6.000 baglogs worthy of being farmed with an interest rate of12%, this is aimed at NPV> 0 (positive), Net B / C> 0 (positive), IRR> i that is 12%,and PP <Economic age of mushroom media (5 years) and, sensitivity analysis based onthe three sensitivity analyses, oyster mushroom farming at media mushroom capacity5,000 baglogs is not sensitive to, increases in operational costs, decreases in productionquantity and decreases the selling price of 10%. Constraints faced in the cultivation ofoyster mushrooms in the village of PeguyanganKaja, which is lowland, are that it isdifficult to obtain a level of humidity between 80% and 100%, which of course is easierto do if it is in the highland.

A dynamic programming algorithm for optimization of uneven-aged forest stands

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1758-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Anderson ◽  
B. Bruce Bare
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Programming Algorithm ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
The Impact

A deterministic dynamic programming formulation of the transition uneven-aged stand management problem is presented. Using a previously published northern hardwoods growth model, a forward recursive, discrete, two-state problem that maximizes the net present value of harvested trees at each stage is developed. State variables represent the total number of trees and the total basal area per acre. A neighborhood storage concept previously published is used to reduce the number of states considered at each stage. Two harvest allocation rules are used to assign the harvested basal area to individual diameter classes. Terminal end point conditions and stage to stage sustainability are not required. Results from four base runs of the model are presented and compared with previously published results. Each run produces significantly different optimal paths, with one showing a higher net present value than any previously published. Sensitivity runs illustrate the impact of changes in interest rates, width of neighborhood storage class, and initial conditions. Dynamic programming offers promise for analyzing uneven-aged stand management problems.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Nutritional Impact of Agricultural Research: The Case of Mungbean in Pakistan

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katinka Weinberger
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Piece Rate ◽  
The Impact

Background Evaluation of agricultural research often neglects consumption and nutrition aspects. Yet agricultural research can address micronutrient malnutrition by improving both quantity and quality of food intake. Objective To briefly review the conceptual linkages between agriculture and nutrition, to estimate the strength of the relationship between iron intake and productivity outcomes, and to estimate the nutritional benefit of improved mungbean varieties in terms of net present value. This paper presents a methodology for assessing the nutritional impact of mungbean, and summarizes current impact evidence on the path from mungbean research to consumption. Methods A consumption study was conducted among female piece-rate workers in Pakistan to analyze the impact of iron consumption on productivity, measured in wages. A two-stage least-squares analysis was used to estimate the elasticity of iron intake on wages. The results derived from this study were extrapolated to country level using secondary data sources. Results We found that anemia among women was widespread. Approximately two-thirds of women suffered from mild or severe anemia (Hb < 12 g/dL). We found the elasticity of bioavailable iron on productivity measured in wages was 0.056, and the marginal effect was 9.17 Pakistani rupees per additional mg of bioavailable iron consumed. Using the model results we estimated the impact of mungbean research on nutrition, in terms of productivity effects, and found it was substantial, ranging from US$7.6 to 10.1 million cumulative present value (in 1995 US$ at 5% discount rate). Conclusions Agriculture certainly plays an important role in the reduction of malnutrition. Agricultural research has greatly contributed to the reduction of hunger and starvation by providing millions of hungry people with access to low-cost staple foods. Now, as the challenge shifts to the reduction of micronutrient deficiencies, more efforts must be directed toward crops high in micronutrients, such as pulses and vegetables.

SYLVER: Modelling the Impact of Silviculture on Yield, Lumber Value, and Economic Return

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Intensive Forest Management ◽  
Product Value ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
The Impact

Intensive forest management requires an understanding of the effect that silvicultural treatments have on wood properties, standing yield, log quality, product value, and net present value. These needs are addressed by a system of models (SYLVER) which includes the Tree and Stand Simulator (TASS), Root Rot Simulator (ROTSIM), Sawmill Simulator (SAWSIM), and the new Financial Analysis System (FAN$Y). The latter will be used by field foresters to compare the merits of candidate treatments for specific stands. Key words: Silviculture, growth and yield, juvenile wood, log quality, end-product value, net present value, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Phellinus weirii, modelling, TASS, ROTSIM, SAWSIM, FAN$Y, SYLVER.

scholarly journals A New Look at the Economic Evaluation of Wind Energy as an Alternative to Electric and Natural Gas-Powered Irrigation

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Lima ◽  
Gregory Colson ◽  
Berna Karali ◽  
Bridget Guerrero ◽  
Stephen Amosson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Real Options ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Investment Timing ◽  
Stochastic Nature ◽  
Replacement Decisions

An extension of the Guerrero et al. (2010) net present value (NPV) analysis using real options analysis (ROA) is offered to improve machinery replacement decisions. Specifically, the feasibilities of replacing natural gas irrigation systems with either electric or hybrid (electric/wind) systems are evaluated. Results indicate NPV and ROA criteria can yield opposite decisions depending on the stochastic nature of the parameters, reversibility of the investment, and flexibility of investment timing. For policy, NPV results indicate that replacing natural gas with a hybrid is on the cusp of being optimal. However, ROA indicates this NPV implication may not hold.

scholarly journals Financial Feasibility of Sijuk Shrimp Paste Business in Sungai Padang Village, Sijuk District, Belitung Regency

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Aditya Nugraha ◽  
Suhatmini Hardyastuti ◽  
Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Population Sampling ◽  
Maximum Reduction ◽  
Return Value

Sijuk shrimp paste business is a business in processing rebon shrimp which is most commonly implemented in Belitung Regency. In this study, profi t analysis, investment feasibility, and sensitivity were used to draw the conclusions. The samples involve 25 shrimp paste businesses taken by using census method in Sungai Padang Village, District Sijuk, Belitung Regency. This area is also a central area for producing Sijuk shrimp paste. Census refers to periodic collection of information about the specifi c population from the entire population. Sampling is a method of collecting information from a sample that represents population. The result showed that the Sijuk shrimp paste businesses gives benefi ts because they had a gain of Rp.17.558.914,29 / year, the value of gross profi t ratio of 50.61%, the rate of return per capital investment of 1.02, and the return on the investments amounted to 74.58%. The Sijuk shrimp paste businesses are feasible to continue be had the value of discounted payback period of 1.57 years, the net present value of Rp.18.264.662,44, the internal rate of the return value of 35%, and the profi tability index of 1.78. From the results of the sensitivity analysis concluded that the Sijuk shrimp paste businesses are feasible to continue because the percentage of increase in the maximum operating costs still can be tolerated which is equal to 44,763% and the percentage of maximum reduction in the selling price of Sijuk shrimp paste still can be tolerated which is equal to 22.108%.

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