Arsenic and Fluoride in Groundwater, Prevalence and Alternative Removal Approach

Adriana Robledo-Peralta; Miriam López-Guzmán; Corazón G. Morales-Amaya; Liliana Reynoso-Cuevas

doi:10.3390/pr9071191

Arsenic and Fluoride in Groundwater, Prevalence and Alternative Removal Approach

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9071191 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1191

Author(s):

Adriana Robledo-Peralta ◽

Miriam López-Guzmán ◽

Corazón G. Morales-Amaya ◽

Liliana Reynoso-Cuevas

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Arsenic Removal ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

Well Water ◽

Initial Concentration ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Groundwater Arsenic ◽

Electrocoagulation Process ◽

Alternative Approaches ◽

Interfering Ions

Contamination of drinking water by arsenic and fluoride is a global problem, as more than 300 million people in more than 100 countries have been affected by their presence. These elements are considered the most serious contaminants in drinking water and their removal is a worldwide concern. Therefore, the evaluation of three alternative approaches—electrocoagulation, adsorption by biomaterials, and adsorption by metal oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)—was performed for arsenic and fluoride removal from groundwater. Arsenic removal from synthetic and groundwater (well water) was accomplished with the three processes; meanwhile, fluoride removal from groundwater was only reported by two methods. The results indicate that an electrocoagulation process is a good option for As (>97%) and F (>90%) removal in co-occurrence; however, the operational conditions for the removal of both pollutants must be driven by those used for fluoride removal. As (80–83%) and F (>90%) removal with the biomaterials was also successful, even when the application objective was fluoride removal. Finally, MNPs (Co and Mn) were designed and applied only for arsenic removal and reached >95%. Factors such as the pH, the presence of interfering ions, and the initial concentration of the contaminants are decisive in the treatment process’s efficiency.

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Lab scale study on electrocoagulation defluoridation process optimization along with aluminium leaching in the process and comparison with full scale plant operation

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2011.475 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 63 (12) ◽

pp. 2788-2795 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Poonam Gwala ◽

Subhash Andey ◽

Vasant Mhaisalkar ◽

Pawan Labhasetwar ◽

Sarika Pimpalkar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Process Optimization ◽

Current Density ◽

Fluoride Concentration ◽

Full Scale ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

Electrode Polarization ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Aluminium Leaching

An excess or lack of fluoride in drinking water is harmful to human health. Desirable and permissible standards of fluoride in drinking water are 1.0 and 1.5 mg/L, respectively, as per Indian drinking water quality standards i.e., BIS 10500, 1991. In this paper, the performance of an electro-coagulation defluoridation batch process with aluminium electrodes was investigated. Different operational conditions such as fluoride concentration in water, pH and current density were varied and performance of the process was examined. Influence of operational conditions on (i) electrode polarization phenomena, (ii) pH evolution during electrolysis and (iii) the amount of aluminium released (coagulant) was investigated. Removal by electrodes is primarily responsible for the high defluoridation efficiency and the adsorption by hydroxide aluminium floc provides secondary effect. Experimental data obtained at optimum conditions that favored simultaneous mixing and flotation confirmed that concentrations lower than 1 mg/L could be achieved when initial concentrations were between 2 and 20 mg/L. pH value was found to be an important parameter that affected fluoride removal significantly. The optimal initial pH range is between 6 and 7 at which effective defluoridation and removal efficiencies over 98% were achieved. Furthermore, experimental results prominently displayed that an increase in current density substantially reduces the treatment duration, but with increased residual aluminium level. The paper focuses on pilot scale defluoridation process optimization along with aluminium leaching and experimental results were compared with a full-scale plant having capacity of 600 liter per batch.

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Manganese Removal Status by Arsenic Removal Technologies Available in Bangladesh: Manganese Removal Treatment by Sodium Hypochlorite

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research ◽

10.3329/bjsir.v46i3.9033 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 291-296

Author(s):

S Siraj ◽

AI Kazi ◽

S Ahmed ◽

MA Akbor ◽

A Ahsan

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Arsenic Removal ◽

Field Testing ◽

Well Water ◽

Limit Set ◽

Safe Drinking Water ◽

Environmental Technology ◽

Manganese Removal ◽

Removal Technologies ◽

Chlorine Oxidation

In addition to arsenic, the groundwater in Bangladesh is often found to be contaminated with manganese whose permissible limit set by WHO being 400 ppb in drinking water. Since most arsenic removal technologies (ARTs) are designed to remove As and not to remove Mn, during field testing and verification of performance of ARTs under the Bangladesh Environmental Technology Verification-Support to Arsenic Mitigation (BETV-SAM) project of BCSIR, it has been found that only the Sono technology using Fe0 as arsenic removal medium which can also remove Mn to produce Mn safe drinking water but others such as Alcan, Read-F household, Sidko, Nelima, Shawdesh cannot. During field testing of these technologies under the BETV-SAM project, it has been attempted to treat Mn by a traditional chlorine oxidation method to produce Mn safe drinking water. Concentrations of dissolved As (T), As (III), Fe, Mn and pH in the considered well water for manganese treatment were in ranges of 125 - 1247 ppb, 116 - 1127 ppb, 1.40 - 15.5 ppm, 505 - 2245 ppb and 7.0 to 7.5, respectively. The required chlorine dose and time for treatment of manganese in 20 L water have been found to be 6.2 - 12.4 ppm and 1 - 2 h, respectively. Keyword: Arsenic; Manganese; ART; Verification; Chlorine; Iron. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i3.9033 BJSIR 2011; 46(3): 291-296

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Comparison of Electrocoagulation Process and Other Treatment Technologies in Fluoride Removal from Groundwater

Academic Perspective Procedia ◽

10.33793/acperpro.02.03.142 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 1275-1282

Author(s):

Benan Yazici Karabulut ◽

Ayse Dilek Atasoy

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Ion Exchange ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

The World ◽

Effective Technology ◽

Electrocoagulation Process ◽

Treatment Technologies ◽

As Adsorption ◽

Removal Technologies ◽

Water Fluoride

Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources in the world and plays a very important role in the supply of drinking water. Fluoride is probably one of the most common groundwater pollutants in the world for various reasons (structure of soil and rocks, etc.). The concentration of fluoride in groundwater above 1.5 mg/L begins to pose some risks to human health. Various conventional techniques such as adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, precipitation have been developed for the removal of fluoride from water. However, they have several limitations, such as post-treatment re-treatment, less efficiency and higher installation costs. The electrocoagulation process is an effective technology for fluoride removal within conventional techniques. In this study, fluoride removal technologies are emphasized, and the studies done in this field are examined. The aim of this study is to investigate the advantages of electrocoagulation method in fluoride removal and to compare electrocoagulation process with other treatment technologies.

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Fluoride removal efficiency of Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) from water

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2021.257 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kefelegn Bayu ◽

Abraham Geremew ◽

Wegene Deriba ◽

Yohannes Mulugeta ◽

Samuel Wagari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Removal Efficiency ◽

Natural Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Contact Time ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Fluoride Removal ◽

Initial Concentration ◽

Natural Water Samples ◽

Adsorbent Dose

Abstract Fluoride concentration in drinking water higher than recommended value imposes different health problems and there are advanced and chemical based defluoridation techniques even if they are not feasible for developing countries and have limitations. Due to this, defluoridation by using locally available plants is one of the most efficient and sustainable options. Therefore, the current study was intended to investigate fluoride removal efficiency of Tulsi (Ocimum Sanctum) from water that can be an alternative means to reduce the problem related to its high concentration. A laboratory based experimental study was implemented by using potentiometric determination in Haramaya University. The leaves of Tulsi were collected, washed with tap water, rinsed with distilled water, and then were dried at room temperature, crushed and sieved through 500-μm stain-less steel sieve. The experiments were conducted on artificially fluoridated water by anhydrous fluoride and natural water samples collected from deep well water sources from Adama and Harar town. Data was analyzed using Design of Expert (DOE) and Microsoft excel. Twenty-nine runs for aqueous solution were conducted at different factor combinations and the optimum combinations were applied for natural water samples. The study depicts that plant has an efficiency of removing 68.4% of fluoride from water. The best factor combinations to achieve this efficiency was 0.2 g/100 ml, 22.6 min, 5.7 and 6.6 mg/l, adsorbent dose, contact time, pH and initial concentration respectively. pH and initial concentration have a negative effect and adsorbent dose and contact time have a positive effect on removing fluoride from water. Hence, people living in fluorosis endemic areas can use the processed plant as a de-fluoridating agent to minimize adverse health effects. HIGHLIGHT This research articles paves way to further study to remove contaminants from water, wastewater, which can pose a substantial effect on public health. The study conducted to investigate removal mechanism of fluoride from drinking water with low cost locally available plant and the software technologies were applied to find the optimum conditions at which the adsorbent works best.

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Evaluation of a Groundwater Arsenic Treatment Process in Response to Organic Matter Inclusion in Feed Water

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2010.070 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. M. Hassan ◽

K. Fukushi ◽

F. Nakajima ◽

K. Yamamoto

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Removal Efficiency ◽

Treatment Process ◽

Arsenic Removal ◽

Feed Water ◽

High Concentration ◽

Treatment Unit ◽

Simple Modification ◽

Groundwater Arsenic

The contamination of groundwater by sediment-derived arsenic threatens the health of millions of people worldwide and a large number of drinking water treatment units have been employed to prevent this toxicity. This study aims at evaluating the influence of organic matter on groundwater arsenic treatment practice and proposing the modifications related to this issue. The arsenic removal efficiency was found to be decreased even in the presence of a low concentration of organic matter, 5 mg/L as TOC (total organic carbon), and gradually deteriorated with higher concentrations. Nevertheless, a high concentration of bioleached arsenic, above 130 μg/L, was noticed in the inoperative condition of the treatment unit. A simple modification in the treatment process, using an additional iron-matrix layer, substantially increased, 12% more, the arsenic removal efficiency even in the presence of high concentration of organic matter. Strategies were proposed to combat the bioleaching of arsenic in the treatment process. This study revealed that organic matter would significantly impede the arsenic removal process for drinking water and hence safe remediation strategies were imperative.

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Arsenic removal from drinking water using low-pressure nanofiltration under various operating conditions

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2018.042 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 295-302 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

M. Harfoush ◽

S. A. Mirbagheri ◽

M. Ehteshami ◽

S. Nejati

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Arsenic Removal ◽

Arsenic Concentration ◽

Inorganic Arsenic ◽

Low Pressure ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Polluted Water ◽

Initial Concentration ◽

Wide Range ◽

Arsenite Removal

Abstract Currently, one of the main environmental concerns is the toxicity caused by arsenic. Arsenic-polluted water can cause many human health problems including various cancerous diseases. In natural water, inorganic arsenic can be found in the forms of arsenite and arsenate, which have been found in several Iranian provinces – e.g., East Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, and the city of Bijar – in high concentrations. Modern nanofiltration (NF) technology enables a wide range of water resource pollutants to be controlled efficiently. In this study, in an attempt to enhance arsenic removal (both arsenite and arsenate) from drinking water using low pressure NF, operating conditions like arsenic concentration, the trans-membrane pressure applied, and a range of different temperatures have all been considered. The highest arsenate removal achieved was 94% with an initial concentration of 500 μg/L, at 7 bar pressure, and 28 °C. The highest arsenite removal was 90%, with an initial concentration of 100 μg/L, at 5 bar pressure, and also at 28 °C. Increasing the pressure had a positive effect on the removal of both species, however, increasing the temperature had negative impacts. It was always found that arsenate removal was better than arsenite removal.

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ASSESSMENT OF ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS. APPLICATION IN ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM DRINKING WATER

Environmental Engineering and Management Journal ◽

10.30638/eemj.2017.083 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 821-828 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Florica Manea ◽

Aniela Pop ◽

Anamaria Baciu ◽

Gyongyke Wanko ◽

Katalin Bodor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Arsenic Removal ◽

Electrocoagulation Process

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Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue from aqueous solutions using nanopillars-TiO2 thin films: Batch reactor studies

Science Vision ◽

10.33493/scivis.18.03.01 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 81-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

C. Lalhriatpuia

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Methylene Blue ◽

Photocatalytic Activity ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Photocatalytic Degradation ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Tio2 Thin Films ◽

Initial Concentration ◽

Bet Specific Surface Area ◽

Interfering Ions

Nanopillars-TiO2 thin films was obtained on a borosilicate glass substrate with (S1) and without (S2) polyethylene glycol as template. The photocatalytic behaviour of S1 and S2 thin films was assessed inthe degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution under batch reactor operations. The thin films were characterized by the SEM, XRD, FTIR and AFM analytical methods. BET specific surface area and pore sizes were also obtained. The XRD data confirmed that the TiO2 particles are in its anatase mineral phase. The SEM and AFM images indicated the catalyst is composed with nanosized pillars of TiO2, evenly distributed on the surface of the substrate. The BET specific surface area and pore sizes of S1 and S2 catalyst were found to be 5.217 and 1.420 m2/g and 7.77 and 4.16 nm respectively. The photocatalytic degradation of MB was well studied at wide range of physico-chemical parameters. The effect of solution pH (pH 4.0 to 10.0) and MB initial concentration (1.0 to 10.0 mg/L) was extensively studied and the effect of several interfering ions, i.e., cadmium nitrate, copper sulfate, zinc chloride, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, glycine, oxalic acid and EDTA in the photocatalytic degradation of MB was demonstrated. The maximum percent removal of MB was observed at pH 8.0 beyond which it started decreasing and a low initial concentration of the pollutant highly favoured the photocatalytic degradation using thin films and the presence of several interfering ions diminished the photocatalytic activity of thin films to some extent. The overall photocatalytic activity was in the order: S2 > S1 > UV. The photocatalytic degradation of MB was followed the pseudo-first-order rate kinetics. The mineralization of MB was studied with total organic carbon measurement using the TOC (total organic carbon) analysis.

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