scholarly journals Jatropha Curcas Biodiesel: A Lucrative Recipe for Pakistan’s Energy Sector

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1129
Author(s):  
Haseeb Yaqoob ◽  
Yew Heng Teoh ◽  
Farooq Sher ◽  
Muhammad Umair Ashraf ◽  
Sana Amjad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Total Import ◽  
Barren Land ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Needs

One of the greatest challenges of the 21st century is to fulfill the growing energy needs sustainably and cost-effectively. Among the different sources of energy, biodiesel is one of the alternative energy sources that has tremendous potential to become a major mainstream renewable energy mix. Jatropha is an important raw input for biodiesel that provides an ecological and sustainable solution for emerging greenhouse gas emissions over the other biomass feedstock. This paper critically evaluates different factors and presents a SWOT analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) and barriers to the adoption of Jatropha biodiesel. In Pakistan, the estimated production of Jatropha biodiesel is expected to be 2.93 million tons, that are calculated from available barren land and possible shortlisted suitable areas for Jatropha plantation. It is ~25% of the total import (11.84 million tons) of petroleum products, which can save ~$2 billion USD reserves of Pakistan. The cultivation of Jatropha on barren land is an environmentally and economically lucrative approach for Pakistan. This study has real implications for developing a policy framework related to the environment and socio-economic feasibility of Jatropha biodiesel production in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Physical Methods of Microalgal Biomass Pretreatment

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Piasecka ◽  
Izabela Krzemińska ◽  
Jerzy Tys
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Physical Method ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biomass Pretreatment ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Wet Biomass ◽  
Microwave Techniques

Abstract The prospect of depletion of natural energy resources on the Earth forces researchers to seek and explore new and alternative energy sources. Biomass is a composite resource that can be used in many ways leading to diversity of products. Therefore, microalgal biomass offers great potential. The main aim of this study is to find the best physical method of microalgal biomass pretreatment that guarantees efficient lipid extraction. These studies identifies biochemical composition of microalgal biomass as source for biodisel production. The influence of drying at different temperatures and lyophilization was investigated. In addition, wet and untreated biomass was examined. Cell disruption (sonication and microwave) techniques were used to improve lipid extraction from wet biomass. Additionally, two different extraction methods were carried out to select the best method of crude oil extraction. The results of this study show that wet biomass after sonication is the most suitable for extraction. The fatty acid composition of microalgal biomass includes linoleic acid (C18:2), palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linolenic acid (C18:3), and stearic acid (C18:0), which play a key role in biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Lipase-Immobilized CeO2 Nanorods as Heterogeneous Nano-Biocatalyst for Optimized Biodiesel Production from Eruca sativa Seed Oil

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anam Fatima ◽  
Muhammad Waseem Mumtaz ◽  
Hamid Mukhtar ◽  
Sadia Akram ◽  
Tooba Touqeer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Immobilized Lipase ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Eruca Sativa ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis ◽  
Before And After

Biodiesel has emerged as one of the most attractive alternative energy sources to meet the growing needs of energy. Many approaches have been adopted for biodiesel synthesis. In the present work, biodiesel was produced from non-edible Eruca sativa oil using nano-biocatalyst-catalysed transesterification. Nano-biocatalyst (CeO2@PDA@A. terreus Lipase) was developed via the immobilization of lipase on polydopamine coated ceria nanorods, and CeO2 nanorods were developed via a hydrothermal process. The mean diameter of nanorods were measured to be 50–60 nm, while their mean length was 150–200 nm. Lipase activity before and after immobilization was measured to be 18.32 and 16.90 U/mg/min, respectively. The immobilized lipase depicted high stability at high temperature and pH. CeO2@PDA@A. terreus Lipase-catalysed transesterification resulted in 89.3% yield of the product. Process optimization through response surface methodology was also executed, and it was depicted that the optimum/maximum E. sativa oil-based biodiesel yield was procured at conditions of 10% CeO2@PDA@A. terreus Lipase, 6:1 methanol/oil ratio, 0.6% water content, 35 °C reaction temperature, and 30 h reaction time. The fuel compatibility of synthesized biodiesel was confirmed via the estimation of fuel properties that were in agreement with the ASTM D standard. The nanorods and dopamine-modified nanorods were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), while conversion of E. sativa oil to biodiesel was confirmed by GC/MS and FTIR spectroscopy. Conclusively, it was revealed that CeO2@PDA@A. terreus Lipase has potential to be employed as an emphatic nano-biocatalyst.

scholarly journals An Optimized Methodology for a Hybrid Photo-Voltaic and Energy Storage System Connected to a Low-Voltage Grid

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarvar Hussain Nengroo ◽  
Muhammad Umair Ali ◽  
Amad Zafar ◽  
Sadam Hussain ◽  
Tahir Murtaza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Storage System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Needs

The growing human population and the increasing energy needs have produced a serious energy crisis, which has stimulated researchers to look for alternative energy sources. The diffusion of small-scale renewable distributed generations (DG) with micro-grids can be a promising solution to meet the environmental obligations. The uncertainty and sporadic nature of renewable energy sources (RES) is the main obstacle to their use as autonomous energy sources. In order to overcome this, a storage system is required. This paper proposes an optimized strategy for a hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and battery storage system (BSS) connected to a low-voltage grid. In this study, a cost function is formulated to minimize the net cost of electricity purchased from the grid. The charging and discharging of the battery are operated optimally to minimize the defined cost function. Half-hourly electricity consumer load data and solar irradiance data collected from the United Kingdom (UK) for a whole year are utilized in the proposed methodology. Five cases are discussed for a comparative cost analysis of the electricity imported and exported. The proposed scheme provides a techno-economic analysis of the combination of a BSS with a low-voltage grid, benefitting from the feed-in tariff (FIT) scheme.

Harnessing Nigeria’s abundant solar energy potential using the DESERTEC model

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udochukwu B. Akuru ◽  
Ogbonnaya I. Okoro ◽  
Chibuike F. Maduko
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Transmission Grid ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Fact Finding

The DESERTEC project, a European Union (EU) initiative to harness solar energy by means of Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) from Africa for use in Europe, shows the enormous potential that exists in alternative energy sources for the sub-region once there is political will. The Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Corporation (TREC), a network of scientists and politicians who have taken it upon themselves to solve Europe’s energy problem using sun from Africa, conducted three studies which evaluated the potential of renewable energy resources in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), the expected needs for water and power in EU-MENA between now and 2050 and issues relating to the construction of an electricity transmission grid connecting the EU and MENA (EU-MENA-Connection), with a formula to turn the North African desert sun into electricity and transport same to Europe. This paper harnesses the TREC fact-finding studies in order to estimate how much the same ideas can be applied in many other parts of the world, Nigeria in particular. Investigation reveals that this association exists with huge potentials for an energy-starved country like Nigeria in harnessing her abundant hot sun in the north, which could go a long way in meeting the energy needs in that part of the country and beyond. Other benefits include unlimited supplies of clean electricity, agricultural gains, and creation of new industries, new jobs and new sources of income.

scholarly journals Optimal Utilization Of Alternative Energy Sources

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duane J. Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Optimum Utilization

Many areas of the world today have access to alternative energy sources to meet their energy needs. A fundamental problem facing societies today is to determine the optimum utilization of energy sources. This paper analyzes the issues involving co-utilization of different types of energy production in Iceland. Formulating a dynamic social optimization problem, expressions are derived for optimal energy supply prices from each energy source. Based on the economic characteristics of the energy sources, an optimal solution is derived that involves both periods of specialization in a single energy source as well as periods of simultaneous co-utilization of available sources.

APPLICATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN HOSPITALITY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlin Pavlov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Barriers And Opportunities ◽  
The Cost

Renewable energy sources provide a perspective for reducing the harmful effects on the environment. They also help to reduce the cost of meeting energy needs after the return on investment in alternative energy. The tourism sector and in particular the hotel business use significant amounts of energy resources. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to present the nature of RES and the ways of application in the hotel industry. Barriers and opportunities for overcoming them are outlined. Some good practices of using alternative energy sources in the hotel business are presented.

scholarly journals Biomass Production and Ester Synthesis byIn SituTransesterification/Esterification Using the MicroalgaSpirulina platensis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Rodrigues da Silva Baumgartner ◽  
Jorge Augusto Mendes Burak ◽  
Dirceu Baumgartner ◽  
Gisella Maria Zanin ◽  
Pedro Augusto Arroyo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alkyl Esters ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Acid Transesterification

The increasing energy demand and reduction in the availability of nonrenewable energy sources, allied with an increase in public environmental awareness, have stimulated a search for alternative energy sources. The present study was aimed at producing biomass from the microalgaSpirulina platensisand at assessingin situsynthesis of alkyl esters via acid transesterification/esterification of biomass to produce biodiesel. Two alcohols (ethanol and methanol) and two cosolvents (hexane and chloroform) were tested, at different temperatures (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90°C) and reaction times (10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 min). The factorial analysis of variance detected an interaction between the factors (): temperature, reaction time, alcohol, and cosolvent. The best yields were obtained with the combination ethanol and chloroform at 60°C, after 30 min of reaction, and with hexane at 45°C, after 10 min of reaction.In situtransesterification/esterification of alga biomass to form esters for biodiesel production adds unconventional dynamics to the use of this feedstock.

scholarly journals Economic Evaluation of Wind Energy as an Alternative to Natural Gas Powered Irrigation

2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget L. Guerrero ◽  
Stephen H. Amosson ◽  
Thomas H. Marek ◽  
Jeffrey W. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Natural Gas Prices

High natural gas prices have agricultural producers searching for alternative energy sources for irrigation. The economic feasibility of electric and hybrid (electric/wind) systems are evaluated as alternatives to natural gas powered irrigation. Texas Panhandle and Southern Kansas farms are assessed with a quarter-mile sprinkler system, three crops, and two pumping lifts. Breakeven points identify the price at which conversion from a natural gas irrigation system to an electric or hybrid system is cost effective. Results indicate electricity is a more feasible energy source for irrigation and policy changes such as net metering are necessary to make hybrid systems viable.

scholarly journals KARAKTERISTIK BATUBARA FORMASI WARUKIN DALAM PEMBENTUKAN CBM DI WILAYAH KABUPATEN TANAH BUMBU, PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Denny Suwanda Djohor ◽  
Harry Pramudito
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
Observation Site ◽  
Methane Gas ◽  
Alternative Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Gas Potential ◽  
Surface Geology

Increasing world oil prices have a huge impact on national energy needs. Indonesia's economic growth requires the development of alternative energy sources based on 10 basin assessments in Indonesia, coal methane gas potential is estimated to reach 337 TCF of gas in place (Advanced Resources International, inc). The research location is located in the Basin of Asam-Asam,South Kalimantan. Targeted research on the Miocene Warukin Formation. The data used to evaluate Coal Methane Gas potential include surface geology data and coal sample analysis, as well as characteristics of regional anomaly bouger for South Kalimantan. The development of cleats and fractures in coal at the observation site can be classified into high-intensity vitamite-rich coal categories. Coal Warukin Formation has an average Rv value = 0.56% with standard deviation 0.02%. and is ranked in sub-bituminous coal rank. While for other Warukin Formation coal has an average Rv value = 0.58% and entered in rank (bit) bituminous coal with type of methane gas is the type of bio & thermogenic gas mixture. When viewed from the thick layer of coal and gas type, the Warukin Formation coal in the location of research is quite interesting when included in the coal resources of economical coal methane gas.

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