scholarly journals Permeability Evolution of Naturally Fractured Coal Injected with High-Temperature Nitrogen: Experimental Observations

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 296
Author(s):  
Shengcheng Wang ◽  
Haijian Li ◽  
Lanying Huang
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Mine Safety ◽  
Stable Range ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
Cycle Number ◽  
Coal Permeability ◽  
Naturally Fractured ◽  
Maximum Permeability

The permeability of more than 70% of coal seams in China is less than 1 mD, creating difficulties in recovering underground coal methane. Therefore, a new technology of high-temperature nitrogen (HTN2) injection into the coal seam was proposed to improve the coal permeability and gas extraction rate. In this paper, the effects of the N2 temperature, injection pressure and cycle number on the permeability of naturally fractured coking coal has been investigated. When HTN2 was injected into coal samples, the results indicated that the permeability decreased over time in the beginning, suddenly increased to a large value, and was subsequently maintained in a relatively stable range. The maximum permeability ratio increased with the rise of the N2 temperature and injection pressure. An analysis indicated that the increase of coal permeability was the result of the increase of the global coal strain caused by thermal expansion and the adsorption-induced expansion. The maximum permeability ratios in various cycles of multicycle N2 injection into the coal sample were all greater than 1.0 while progressively declining. Obviously, the alternating stress was conducive to the further expansion of the coal fractures to increase the coal permeability. However, on the basis of the first period of expansion, re-expansion was difficult and required more energy. The effects of multicycle N2 injection on coal permeability have been considerably improved when compared with N2 injection with only one cycle. The research results are helpful for rapidly extracting methane and guaranteeing mine safety.

scholarly journals Experimental investigations of CO2 seepage behaviorin naturally fractured coal under hydro-thermal-mechanical conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (6 Part B) ◽  
pp. 4651-4658
Author(s):  
Teng Teng ◽  
Xiaoyan Zhu ◽  
Yu-Ming Wang ◽  
Chao-Yang Ren
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Confining Pressure ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
Coal Permeability ◽  
Naturally Fractured ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Fractured Coal ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Gas-flow in coal or rock is hypersensitive to the changes of temperature, confin?ing pressure and gas pressure. This paper implemented a series of experiments to observe the seepage behavior, especially the permeability evolution of CO2 in naturally fractured coal sample under coupled hydro-thermal-mechanical conditions. The experimental results show that coal permeability increases exponentially with the increasing gas pressure, and tends to be linear when the confining pressure is high. Coal permeability decreases exponentially with the increasing confining pressure. Coal permeability decreases with the increasing temperature generally, but it may bounce up when the temperature rises to high. The results provide reference for the projects of coal gas extraction and carbon dioxide geological sequestration.

scholarly journals Evolution of Coal Permeability during Gas Injection—From Initial to Ultimate Equilibrium

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingxing Liu ◽  
Jinchang Sheng ◽  
Jishan Liu ◽  
Yunjin Hu
Keyword(s):  
Effective Stress ◽  
Local Equilibrium ◽  
Fracture Aperture ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Coal Permeability ◽  
Fracture Pressure ◽  
Permeability Changes ◽  
Apparent Equilibrium ◽  
Non Equilibrium

The evolution of coal permeability is vitally important for the effective extraction of coal seam gas. A broad variety of permeability models have been developed under the assumption of local equilibrium, i.e., that the fracture pressure is in equilibrium with the matrix pressure. These models have so far failed to explain observations of coal permeability evolution that are available. This study explores the evolution of coal permeability as a non-equilibrium process. A displacement-based model is developed to define the evolution of permeability as a function of fracture aperture. Permeability evolution is tracked for the full spectrum of response from an initial apparent-equilibrium to an ultimate and final equilibrium. This approach is applied to explain why coal permeability changes even under a constant global effective stress, as reported in the literature. Model results clearly demonstrate that coal permeability changes even if conditions of constant effective stress are maintained for the fracture system during the non-equilibrium period, and that the duration of the transient period, from initial apparent-equilibrium to final equilibrium is primarily determined by both the fracture pressure and gas transport in the coal matrix. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the current assumption of local equilibrium in measurements of coal permeability may not be valid.

Study on Thermal Cycling of Sn0.7Cu Solder

2013 ◽  
Vol 791-793 ◽  
pp. 362-365
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
Ju Li Li ◽  
Jing Guo Ge ◽  
Meng Li ◽  
Nan Ji
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Steady State ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Thermal Cycling ◽  
Shear Strain ◽  
Maximum Shear Stress ◽  
Steady State Creep ◽  
Maximum Shear Strain ◽  
Cycle Number ◽  
State Cycle

Thermal cycling of a unit Sn0.7Cu solder was studied based on the steady-state creep constitutive equation and Matlab software. The results show that there is a steady-state cycle for the thermal cycling of unit Sn0.7Cu eutectic solder. In steady-state thermal cycling, the shear stress is increased with the increase of temperature. There is a stage of stress relaxation during high temperature. A liner relationship between maximum shear stress and maximum shear strain is observed during thermal cycling. The metastable cycle number is declined greatly with the increase of maximum shear strain.

Analysis of the World's First Polymer Injectivity Test in a Carbonate Reservoir Under Extreme Harsh Conditions in ADNOC's Reservoirs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Manuel Leon ◽  
Shehadeh K. Masalmeh ◽  
Siqing Xu ◽  
Ali M. AlSumaiti ◽  
Ahmed A. BinAmro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Carbonate Reservoir ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Harsh Conditions

Abstract Assessing polymer injectivity for EOR field applications is highly important and challenging. An excessive injectivity reduction during and after polymer injection may potentially affect the well integrity and recovery efficiency and consequently, injection strategy and the economics of the polymer projects. Moreover, well conditions such as skin, completion configuration, and injection water quality can significantly impact polymer injectivity. Additionally, the presence of fractures or micro-fractures may govern injection pressure. In contrast, historic field applications have shown that polymer injectivity is in general better than expected from simulations or laboratory data. In the laboratory experiments, the polymer injectivity has been evaluated by injection of significant amounts of pore volumes of polymer at relevant well-injection rates. In addition, several experiments were performed to measure the complex in-situ rheology expected to dominate the flow near the wellbore This paper presents the analysis of the the world's first polymer injectivity test (PIT) conducted in a high temperature and high salinity (HTHS) carbonate reservoir in Abu Dhabi as part of a comprehensive de-risking program for a new polymer-based EOR scheme proposed by ADNOC for these challenging carbonate reservoirs (see Masalmeh et. al., 2014). The de-risking program includes an extensive laboratory experimental program and field injectivity test to ensure that the identified polymer can be injected and propagated in the target formation before multi-well pilot and full-field implementation stages. Experimental laboratory data and the field injectivity test results are presented in earlier publications (Masalmeh et. al., 2019; Rachapudi et. al., 2020) and references therein. This PIT is the world's first polymer injectivity test in a carbonate reservoir under such harsh conditions of high salinity, high content of divalent ions and high temperature. In addition, the polymer used during the test has never been field-tested before. Therefore, the results of the PIT interpretation will help to de-risk the suitable polymer for the future inter-well pilot for the new proposed EOR Polymer-based scheme and it is a game-changer to unlock several opportunities for different Chemical EOR applications on full-field scale in other reservoirs with similar characteristics. A single well radial simulation model was built to integrate the surveillance data during PIT and the extensive laboratory experiments. Morever, multiple Pressure Fall Off Tests (PFOs) during the same periods were analyzed and intergaretd in the model.The study assessed the effect of polymer viscosity on mobility reduction, evaluated the polymer bank propagation, investigated the effect of the skin build-up, residual resistance factor (RRF) and shear effects on the well injectivity. Additionally, a comprehensive assisted history match method and robust simulation sensitivity analysis was implemented, thousands of sensitivity simulation runs were performed to capture several possible injection scenarios and validate laboratory parameters. The simulation study confirmed that the PIT could be interpreted using the laboratory-measured polymer parameters such as polymer bulk viscosity, in-situ rheology, RRF and adsorption.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of Water-Inrush Risk Based on Permeability Evolution in Coal Mine and Backfill Prevention Discussion

Geofluids ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Li ◽  
Jixiong Zhang ◽  
Weiqing Zhang ◽  
Ailing Li ◽  
Wei Yin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Strain Softening ◽  
Water Inrush ◽  
Rock Fractures ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
Testing Laboratories ◽  
Fracture Development ◽  
Confining Pressures ◽  
Maximum Permeability

Induced by coal mining, the fractures constantly occur in geologic strata until failure occurs, which provide channels for water flow. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the permeability evolution of rocks under load. Borehole sampling was conducted in a bedrock layer beneath an aquifer, and the permeability evolution of sandstone specimens under different confining pressures was tested in rock mechanics testing laboratories. The results indicated that the permeability gradually decreases with the increasing confining pressures, while the peak strength increases with the increase of confining pressures. The minimum and maximum permeabilities occurred in the sandstone specimens that were subjected to elastic deformation and strain-softening stages, respectively. The failure, and maximum permeability, of these sandstone specimens did not occur simultaneously. To prevent the flow channel being formed due to the development and failure of rock fractures, a method of backfill gob was proposed and also the influence of backfill on fracture development was discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Multiple Flow Pulses on Hydraulic Fracture Network Propagation in Naturally Fractured Volcanic Rock

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Guangzhi Yang ◽  
Shicheng Zhang ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Xinfang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Fracture Network ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Injection Method ◽  
Injection Scheme ◽  
Fracture Complexity ◽  
Naturally Fractured ◽  
Fluid Leak

Exploring engineering methods for increasing fracture network complexity is important for the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. In this study, we conducted a series of fracturing experiments on naturally fractured volcanic samples. An injection method, multiple flow pulses, is proposed to increase fracture complexity. The results show that fluid leaked into the natural fracture network (NFN) when the injection rate was low (0.2 mL/min); hydraulic-fracture-dominant fracture geometry was created with an injection rate of 2 and 5 mL/min. Under the 2 mL/min-injection scheme with 3 pulses, the injection pressure during the intermittent stage was low (<5 MPa), resulting in a limited increase in fracture complexity. When the number of the flow pulses increased to 5, the pressure drop rate in the fourth and fifth intermittent stage significantly increased, indicating an increase in the aperture of natural fractures (NFs) and in the fluid leak-off effect. Under the 5 mL/min injection scheme containing 5 pulses, besides the enhanced fluid leak-off, a sharp injection pressure drop was observed, indicating the activation of NFs. The complexity and the aperture of the ultimate fracture network further increased. The injection method, multiple flow pulses, can be used to create complex fracture networks effectively.

scholarly journals Model development and analysis of coal permeability based on the equivalent characteristics of dual-porosity structure

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-327
Author(s):  
Haijun Guo ◽  
Kai Wang ◽  
Yuanping Cheng ◽  
Liang Yuan ◽  
Chao Xu
Keyword(s):  
Coalbed Methane ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Gas Pressure ◽  
Dual Porosity ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
Evolution Law ◽  
Fracture Width ◽  
Coal Permeability ◽  
Porosity Structure ◽  
Gas Seepage

Abstract Mining is a dynamic fracture process of coal and/or rock. The structural failure of coal bodies will change the coal matrix-fracture characteristics and then affect the distribution characteristics of the coalbed methane (CBM). Because of the structural complexity of coal, the coal matrices and fractures will be assumed to the geometries with rule shapes when the gas seepage characteristics in coals are analyzed. The size of the simplified geometries is the equivalent scale of dual-porosity coal structures (i.e. the equivalent fracture width and equivalent matrix scale). In this paper, according to the reasonable assumptions with regarding to dual-porosity coal structures, a new coal permeability evolution model based on the equivalent characteristics of dual-porosity structure (ECDP model) was built and the effect of the equivalent characteristics of dual-porosity structure on the coal permeability evolution law was analyzed. It is observed that if the initial fracture porosity is constant and the equivalent matrix scale increases, the range in which the permeability of coal rises with rising gas pressure increases; if the equivalent fracture width decreases and the equivalent matrix scale is constant, the range in which the permeability of coal rises with rising gas pressure decreases. The ECDP model is more suitable for revealing the evolution law of the coal permeability when large deformations occur in the coal bodies and/or the coal structure is damaged irreversibly, especially during enhancing CBM recovery.

A Development of Ceramics Cylinder Type Sulfuric Acid Decomposer for Thermo-Chemical Iodine-Sulfur Process Pilot Plant

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Fukui ◽  
Isao Minatsuki ◽  
Kazuo Ishino
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Ceramic Material ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Prototype Model ◽  
Operation Condition

The hydrogen production method applying thermo-chemical Iodine-Sulfur process (IS process) which uses a nuclear high temperature gas cooled reactor is world widely greatly concerned from the view point of a combination as a clean method, free carbon dioxide in essence. In this process, it is essential a using ceramic material, especially SiC because a operation condition of this process is very corrosive due to a sulfuric acid atmosphere with high temperature and high pressure. In the IS process, a sulfuric acid decomposer is the key component which performs evaporating of sulfuric acid from liquid to gas and disassembling to SO2 gas. SiC was selected as ceramic material to apply for the sulfuric acid decomposer and a new type of binding material was also developed for SiC junction. This technology is expected to wide application not only for a sulfuric acid decomposer but also for various type components in this process. Process parameters were provided as design condition for the decomposer. The configuration of the sulfuric acid decomposer was studied, and a cylindrical tubes assembling type was selected. The advantage of this type is applicable for various type of components in the IS process due to manufacturing with using only simple shape part. A sulfuric acid decomposer was divided into two regions of the liquid and the gaseous phase of sulfuric acid. The thermal structural integrity analysis was studied for the liquid phase part. From the result of this analysis, it was investigated that the stress was below the strength of the breakdown probability 1/100,000 at any position, base material or junction part. The prototype model was manufactured, which was a ceramic portion in the liquid phase part, comparatively complicated configuration, of a sulfuric acid decomposer. The size of model was about 1.9m in height, 1.0m in width. Thirty-six cylinders including inlet and outlet nozzles were combined and each part article was joined using the new binder (slurry binder) and calcinated. Final polishing of the flange faces established in the entrance nozzles was also satisfactory. Many parts were joinable using new technology (new binder). For this reason, new technology is applicable to manufacture of not only a sulfuric acid decomposer but the instruments in the IS process, or other chemical processes.

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