scholarly journals Maleated Natural Rubber/Halloysite Nanotubes Composites

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Zareedan Sensem ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Filler Dispersion ◽  
Dynamical Properties ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Maleated Natural Rubber

In this study, maleic anhydride (MA) grafted natural rubber (NR), known as maleated natural rubber (MNR), was melt-prepared with the MA content varied within 1–8 phr. MNR was used as the main matrix, with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) as a filler, in order to obtain composites with improved performance. The compounds were investigated for their filler–filler interactions by considering their Payne effect. On increasing the MA content, scorch and cure times increased along with maximum torque and torque difference. The MNR with 4 phr of MA exhibited the least filler–filler interactions, as indicated by the retention of the storage modulus after applying a large strain to the filled compound. This MNR compound also provided the highest tensile strength among the cases tested. It is interesting to highlight that MNR, with an appropriate MA content, reduces filler–filler interactions, and, thereby, enhances the HNT filler dispersion, as verified by SEM images, leading to improved mechanical and dynamical properties.

scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of Maleated Natural Rubber and Modified Palm Stearin as Dual Compatibilizers in Composites based on Natural Rubber and Halloysite Nanotubes

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Zareedan Sensem ◽  
Indra Surya ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Composite ◽  
Dynamical Properties ◽  
Maleated Natural Rubber

The performance of rubber composite relies on the compatibility between rubber and filler. This is specifically of concern when preparing composites with very different polarities of the rubber matrix and the filler. However, a suitable compatibilizer can mediate the interactions. In this study, composites of natural rubber (NR) with halloysite nanotubes (HNT) were prepared with maleated natural rubber (MNR) and modified palm stearin (MPS) as dual compatibilizers. The MPS dose ranged within 0.5–1.5 phr, while the MNR dose was fixed at 10 phr in all formulations. It was found that the mixed MNR/MPS significantly enhanced modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the composites. The improvements were mainly due to improved rubber-HNT interactions arising from hydrogen bonds formed in the presence of these two compatibilizers. This was clearly verified by observing the Payne effect. Apart from that, the MPS also acted as a plasticizer to provide improved dispersion of HNT. It was clearly demonstrated that MNR and MPS as dual compatibilizers improved rubber-HNT interactions and reduced filler-filler interactions, which then improved tensile and tear strengths, as well as dynamical properties. Therefore, the mix of MNR and MPS had a great potential to compatibilize non-polar rubber with HNT filler.

scholarly journals Reinforcement of natural rubber and epoxidized natural rubbers with fillers

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Nabil Hayeemasae
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reinforcement Effect ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Filler Dispersion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lower Tensile Strength

The reinforcement of natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubbers (ENRs) with silica or carbon black (CB) by using a semi-efficient sulfur accelerated vulcanization system has been carried out. It was found that silica caused a longer in cure time compared to CB and due to the dissimilarity of their surface chemistry, it was also found that silica and CB caused the difference in reinforcement effect to those rubbers. Silica caused in filled-vulcanizates of those rubbers with a higher modulus and lower tensile strength compared to their unfilled ones. On the other hand, CB caused enhancements in both modulus and tensile to those rubbers. The investigation on reinforcing efficiencies of those fillers on the rubbers found that the higher reinforcing efficiency of CB was attributed to its better degree of filler dispersion when compared to silica.

Thermoreversible cross-linking of maleated natural rubber with glycerol

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 406-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuttida Srirachya ◽  
Takaomi Kobayashi ◽  
Kumarjyoti Roy ◽  
Kanoktip Boonkerd
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Reactive Processing ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Maleated Natural Rubber

In this article, thermoreversible covalent cross-linking of maleated natural rubber (MNR) with glycerol was studied. Firstly, NR was grafted with maleic anhydride using a reactive processing method. The result showed that MNR was successfully obtained without the addition of initiator. The highest grafting was 1.76%. Secondly, the obtained MNR was dissolved in toluene and then mixed with glycerol, which is used in this study as the thermoreversible cross-linking agent. Fourier transform infrared spectra of the casted MNR film mixed with glycerol showed that upon heating, covalent ester cross-links were formed via the reaction of succinic anhydride ring with hydroxyl groups of glycerol. The swelling test indicated that the swelling index (%) decreased with increasing glycerol loading. This indicated that the degree of cross-linking directly depended on the amount of glycerol. The tensile strength and modulus were significantly improved upon increasing the level of cross-linking. The MNR cross-linked with glycerol can be remolded at 150°C more than three times. After remolding, the mechanical properties decreased with increasing recycling round.

HAF/SILICA/NANOCLAY “TERNARY” MASTERBATCH AND HAF/SILICA BINARY MASTERBATCH FROM FRESH NATURAL RUBBER LATEX

2014 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasidharan Krishnan ◽  
Rosamma Alex ◽  
Thomas Kurian
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Filler Dispersion

ABSTRACT A process for production of carbon black/silica/nanoclay ternary filler masterbatch from fresh natural rubber (NR) latex was standardized. The fillers, nanoclay, carbon black, and silica were incorporated in fresh NR latex by a modified coagulation process. The latex, mixed with filler dispersions, coagulated immediately on addition of acids. The coagulum containing fillers was dried at 70 °C in an air oven to get the latex filler masterbatch, which was further processed in the conventional way. The masterbatch compounds containing only silica/carbon black showed a higher level of vulcanization as compared with the corresponding dry mixes. The mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, modulus, tear strength, abrasion resistance, and hardness, increased with the proportion of nanoclay in the mixes up to 5 phr, and with a greater amount, the change was only marginal. Lower tan delta values were observed for all of the masterbatches containing nanoclay in the ranges of 3 to 10 phr compared with the control dry mix containing 25/25 carbon black/silica. The improvement in mechanical properties and dynamic properties shown by the masterbatches over the conventional mill-mixed compounds was attributed to factors related to filler dispersion, as evidenced from the data from dispersion analyzer images, X-ray diffractograms, and a higher level of vulcanization.

Maleated Natural Rubber Compatibilized Natural Rubber/Halloysite Nanotubes Composites

Polymer Korea ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-602
Author(s):  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Maleated Natural Rubber

Effect of Mixing Temperature on the Mechanical Dynamic and Morphological Properties of Maleated Natural Rubber/Copolyester Blends

2013 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 105-108
Author(s):  
Suwaiyah Lamlaeh ◽  
Azizon Kaesaman ◽  
Charoen Nakason
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Internal Mixer ◽  
Maleated Natural Rubber

Maleated natural rubber/copolyester (MNR/COPE) blends with different mixing temperatures were prepared by using an internal mixer (Brabender® GmbH & Co.KG, Duisburg, Germany). The effect of mixing temperatures on mechanical, dynamic and morphological properties has been investigated. It was found that the mixing temperature at 190 ̊°C provided the blend with the highest tensile strength. While the mixing temperature at 170 °C showed superior elastomeric properties, in terms of tension set and tan δ with the finest morphology.

Study on the effect of virgin and recycled chloroprene rubber (vCR and rCR) on the properties of natural rubber/chloroprene rubber (NR/CR) blends

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 803-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Z. Salleh ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
Zulkifli Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Constant Content ◽  
Cure Time ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber ◽  
Minimum Torque

Abstract The effects of various ratios of virgin chloroprene rubber (vCR) and recycled chloroprene rubber (rCR) with a constant content of carbon black (CB) on the properties of natural rubber/chloroprene rubber NR/CR blends were studied. The minimum torque (ML), maximum torque (MH), scorch time, and cure time increased with the addition of both CRs and the effects of rCR were more pronounced than vCR on these properties. The tensile strength and fatigue life of the NR/vCR blends increased with an addition of vCR up to 25 phr and then decreased with a higher vCR. However, NR/rCR blends reflected otherwise for both properties. The elongation at break and swelling percentage of NR/CR blends decreased with the addition of both vCR and rCR.

Mechanical Properties, Morphological Properties, and Cure Characteristics of Sisal Fiber/Natural Rubber Composites: Effects of Fiber and Compatibilizer Content

2010 ◽  
Vol 123-125 ◽  
pp. 1171-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wittawat Wongsorat ◽  
Nitinat Suppakarn ◽  
Kasama Jarukumjorn
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Sisal Fiber ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Cure Time

Sisal fiber/natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared by the incorporation of sisal fiber into NR at various content (10, 20, 30 phr) using a two-roll mill. Natural rubber grafted with maleic anhydride (NR-g-MA) prepared in house was used to improve interfacial adhesion between sisal fiber and NR matrix. NR-g-MA contents were varied. Mechanical properties, morphologies, and cure characteristics of the composites were studied. Maximum torque, modulus at 100% strain (M100), modulus at 300% strain (M300), and hardness of the composites increased with increasing fiber content while scorch time, cure time, tensile strength, and elongation at break decreased. The addition of NR-g-MA into the composites gave a positive impact on M100, M300, tensile strength, and hardness. Moreover, increasing NR-g-MA content resulted in increased scorch time, cure time, maximum torque, M100, M300, tensile strength, and hardness of the composites. SEM micrographs of the composites revealed that the addition of NR-g-MA into the composites improved the interfacial interaction between sisal fiber and NR matrix. In addition, the compatibilized NR composites exhibited higher specific tensile strength and modulus than the carbon black/NR composites.

Mechanical Properties of Montmorillonite-Filled Natural Rubbers Compatibilized by Epoxidized Natural Rubbers

2012 ◽  
Vol 488-489 ◽  
pp. 93-97
Author(s):  
Pranut Potiyaraj ◽  
Sittiporn Ngamsurat ◽  
Wasan Poklong
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Modified Montmorillonite ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Filler Dispersion ◽  
Reinforcing Filler ◽  
Organomodified Montmorillonite

The effects of epoxidized natural rubber as a compatibilizer in modified-montmorillonite filled natural rubber were studied. Natural rubber was compounded with 2, 5 and 10 parts per hundred rubber (phr) of organomodified montmorillonite as a reinforcing filler and cured by using a conventional sulfuric system. Epoxidized natural rubber with 25 and 50 mol% epoxidic units (ENR25 and ENR50, respectively) was used as compatibilizer at the amount of 5, 10 and 15 phr. Rubber compounds were then tested for their curing properties. Test specimens for mechanical testing were prepared by compression molding. The use of montmorillonite as a filler in natural rubber efficiently improved mechanical properties that are tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break, tear strength and hardness, especially with the small amount of montmorillonite. This is supposed to be related to intercalation and exfoliation process. The increasing amount of montmorillonite caused the filler to be agglomerated thus the reinforcing efficiency was reduced and some mechanical properties were dropped. It was further founded that epoxidized natural rubber compatibilized montmorillonite filled natural rubber effectively. As the amount of epoxidized natural rubber increased, the mechanical properties tended to increase. The presence of epoxidized natural rubber improved filler-rubber interaction and filler dispersion. The compatibilizing efficiency of ENR25 was slightly superior to that of ENR50. This is because ENR 25 contains more double bonds than ENR 50 hence higher strain-induced crystallinity is occurred

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