scholarly journals Synergistic Effect of Maleated Natural Rubber and Modified Palm Stearin as Dual Compatibilizers in Composites based on Natural Rubber and Halloysite Nanotubes

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Zareedan Sensem ◽  
Indra Surya ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Hydrogen Bonds ◽  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Composite ◽  
Dynamical Properties ◽  
Maleated Natural Rubber

The performance of rubber composite relies on the compatibility between rubber and filler. This is specifically of concern when preparing composites with very different polarities of the rubber matrix and the filler. However, a suitable compatibilizer can mediate the interactions. In this study, composites of natural rubber (NR) with halloysite nanotubes (HNT) were prepared with maleated natural rubber (MNR) and modified palm stearin (MPS) as dual compatibilizers. The MPS dose ranged within 0.5–1.5 phr, while the MNR dose was fixed at 10 phr in all formulations. It was found that the mixed MNR/MPS significantly enhanced modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the composites. The improvements were mainly due to improved rubber-HNT interactions arising from hydrogen bonds formed in the presence of these two compatibilizers. This was clearly verified by observing the Payne effect. Apart from that, the MPS also acted as a plasticizer to provide improved dispersion of HNT. It was clearly demonstrated that MNR and MPS as dual compatibilizers improved rubber-HNT interactions and reduced filler-filler interactions, which then improved tensile and tear strengths, as well as dynamical properties. Therefore, the mix of MNR and MPS had a great potential to compatibilize non-polar rubber with HNT filler.

scholarly journals Maleated Natural Rubber/Halloysite Nanotubes Composites

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Zareedan Sensem ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Large Strain ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Maximum Torque ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Filler Dispersion ◽  
Dynamical Properties ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Maleated Natural Rubber

In this study, maleic anhydride (MA) grafted natural rubber (NR), known as maleated natural rubber (MNR), was melt-prepared with the MA content varied within 1–8 phr. MNR was used as the main matrix, with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) as a filler, in order to obtain composites with improved performance. The compounds were investigated for their filler–filler interactions by considering their Payne effect. On increasing the MA content, scorch and cure times increased along with maximum torque and torque difference. The MNR with 4 phr of MA exhibited the least filler–filler interactions, as indicated by the retention of the storage modulus after applying a large strain to the filled compound. This MNR compound also provided the highest tensile strength among the cases tested. It is interesting to highlight that MNR, with an appropriate MA content, reduces filler–filler interactions, and, thereby, enhances the HNT filler dispersion, as verified by SEM images, leading to improved mechanical and dynamical properties.

Natural Rubber Reinforced with Silica Nanoparticles Extracted from Jasmine and Riceberry Rice Husk Ashes

2018 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 31-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wichudaporn Seangyen ◽  
Paweena Prapainainar ◽  
Pongdhorn Sae-Oui ◽  
Surapich Loykulnant ◽  
Peerapan Dittanet
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Silica Nanoparticles ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Rubber Nanocomposites ◽  
Jasmine Rice ◽  
20 Nm

Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by rice husk ash (RHA) produced from jasmine rice husk and riceberry rice husk via sol-gel method for the use as reinforcing fillers in natural rubber (NR). The obtained silica nanoparticles are spherical in shape and the particle sizes were observed to be in the 10-20 nm range with uniformly size distribution. The surface of silica nanoparticles was treated with a silane coupling agent confirmed by FTIR. The treated silica nanoparticles were then incorporated into NR and vulcanized with electron beam irradiation. The rubber nanocomposites with silica nanoparticles, produced from jasmine rice husk and riceberry rice husk, resulted in higher mechanical properties (tensile strength and modulus) than neat rubber vulcanizate. The modified rubber vulcanizates revealed rougher surface with tear lines as compared to the neat rubber vulcanizates, indicating the improved strength. Interestingly, the rubber nanocomposites with silica nanoparticles from jasmine rice husk showed higher tensile strength and modulus than silica nanoparticles produced from riceberry rice husk. The micrographs indicated better dispersion of NR composites with jasmine rice husk which leads to a strong interaction between silica nanoparticles and rubber matrix, thereby improving the strength.

scholarly journals The effects of alkanolamide addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR) / chloroprene rubber (CR) blends

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 01030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Syahrul Fauzi Siregar ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Swelling Behaviour ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber

Effects of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR)/chloroprene rubber (CR) blends were investigated. The ALK was synthesized from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine, and incorporated into the silica-filled NR/CR blends as a non-toxic rubber additive. The ALK loadings were 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that the ALK exhibited shorter scorch and cure times and higher elongation at break of the silica-filled NR/CR blends. The ALK also exhibited higher torque differences, tensile modulus and tensile strength at a 1.0 phr of ALK loading and then decreased with further increases in the ALK loading. The swelling measurement proved that the 1.0 phr loading of ALK caused the highest degree in crosslink density of the silica-filled NR/CR blends.

Halloysite Nanotubes-Filled Natural Rubber Composite

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-158
Author(s):  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Rubber Composite

Halloysite Nanotubes-Filled Natural Rubber Composite

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-134
Author(s):  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Rubber Composite

scholarly journals Water-swellable rubber blend from epoxidized natural rubber and superabsorbent polymer composite

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaman Adair ◽  
Azizon Kaesaman ◽  
Pairote Klinpituksa
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Polymer Composite ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Water Absorbency ◽  
Superabsorbent Polymer ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Water Swelling

Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and a superabsorbent polymer composite (SAPC) along with other minor components were mechanically blended in an internal mixer (Brabender Plasticorder) at 40°C and 60 r/min rotor speed with 80% fill factor. The SAPC was synthesized by grafting polyacrylamide onto hydroxyethyl cellulose backbones and adding bentonite clay. The first water-swelling behavior was investigated with alternative epoxidation levels of the ENR. Water-swellable rubber (WSR) performed well in terms of water absorbency, and weight loss was achieved with 50 mole% epoxidation level, so this ENR was chosen for the rubber matrix from which WSR was prepared with various contents of SAPC (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 phr). The results indicated that SAPC loading positively affected water absorbency, which was resulted by increasing weight loss and loss of mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elongation at break. However, the modulus increased with SAPC content. WSR formulated from ENR-50, SAPC, and other ingredients resulting in good water-swelling behaviors and modulus, while the tensile strength and elongation at break had opposition. SAPC was an important factor to control the overall WSR properties.

Thermoreversible cross-linking of maleated natural rubber with glycerol

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 406-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuttida Srirachya ◽  
Takaomi Kobayashi ◽  
Kumarjyoti Roy ◽  
Kanoktip Boonkerd
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Succinic Anhydride ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Reactive Processing ◽  
Cross Links ◽  
Maleated Natural Rubber

In this article, thermoreversible covalent cross-linking of maleated natural rubber (MNR) with glycerol was studied. Firstly, NR was grafted with maleic anhydride using a reactive processing method. The result showed that MNR was successfully obtained without the addition of initiator. The highest grafting was 1.76%. Secondly, the obtained MNR was dissolved in toluene and then mixed with glycerol, which is used in this study as the thermoreversible cross-linking agent. Fourier transform infrared spectra of the casted MNR film mixed with glycerol showed that upon heating, covalent ester cross-links were formed via the reaction of succinic anhydride ring with hydroxyl groups of glycerol. The swelling test indicated that the swelling index (%) decreased with increasing glycerol loading. This indicated that the degree of cross-linking directly depended on the amount of glycerol. The tensile strength and modulus were significantly improved upon increasing the level of cross-linking. The MNR cross-linked with glycerol can be remolded at 150°C more than three times. After remolding, the mechanical properties decreased with increasing recycling round.

Maleated Natural Rubber Compatibilized Natural Rubber/Halloysite Nanotubes Composites

Polymer Korea ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 596-602
Author(s):  
Nabil Hayeemasae ◽  
Kannika Sahakaro ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Maleated Natural Rubber

The Partial Replacement of Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs) and Precipitated Silica by Recycled Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) Powder on Cure Behavior, Tensile Properties and Morphology of Natural Rubber Composites

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 622-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Nabil ◽  
Hanafi Ismail ◽  
A.R. Azura
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Precipitated Silica ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites

In this article, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and precipitated silica were replaced by recycled polyethylene terephthalate powder (R-PET) in natural rubber composites. Five different compositions of NR/HNTs/R-PET and NR/Silica/R-PET composites [i.e. 100/20/0, 100/15/5, 100/10/10, 100/5/15, and 100/0/20 parts per hundred rubber (phr)] were prepared on a two-roll-mill. Comparison of the curing behavior, tensile properties, and morphological characteristics of natural rubber composites was studied. The results indicated that the replacement of HNTs and silica by R-PET decreased the tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break of composites, but NR/Silica/R-PET composites showed the lower trend than that NR/HNTs/R-PET did. The negative effect of these properties could be explained by the decrement of crosslink density, R-PET is unable to be transferred the stress due to the weal rubber-fillers interactions, and the reducing of ductility of rubber matrix. The curing results revealed that, with replacement of HNTs and Silica by R-PET, the scorch time (ts2) and cure time (tc90) were decreased. Scanning electron microscopy investigation of tensile fracture surfaces confirmed that co-incorporation of NR/HNTs/R-PET would improve the dispersion of R-PET and enhanced the interactions between fillers and NR matrix rather than NR/Silica/R-PET composites.

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