scholarly journals Effect of Cellulosic Waste Derived Filler on the Biodegradation and Thermal Properties of HDPE and PLA Composites

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Alessia Quitadamo ◽  
Valerie Massardier ◽  
Valeria Iovine ◽  
Ahmed Belhadj ◽  
Rémy Bayard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Flour ◽  
Polymer Degradation ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Mass Variation ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Cellulosic Waste ◽  
Relevant Variation ◽  
Natural Fillers

Composites with high density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(lactic) acid (PLA) matrix have been tested to analyze the effect of natural fillers (wood flour, recycled wastepaper and a mix of both fillers) and temperature on polymer degradation. Composting tests have been performed in both mesophilic (35 °C) and thermophilic (58 °C) conditions. Degradation development has been evaluated through mass variation, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. HDPE, as expected, did not display any relevant variation, confirming its stability under our composting conditions. PLA is sensibly influenced by temperature and humidity, with higher reduction of Mw when composting is performed at 58 °C. Natural fillers seem to influence degradation process of composites, already at 35 °C. In fact, degradation of fillers at 35 °C allows a mass reduction during composting of composites, while neat PLA do not display any variation.

scholarly journals Eco-Friendly Approach and Potential Biodegradable Polymer Matrix for WPC Composite Materials in Outdoor Application

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessia Quitadamo ◽  
Valerie Massardier ◽  
Marco Valente
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Blend ◽  
Glycidyl Methacrylate ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Random Copolymer ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Polymer Interfaces ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Outdoor Application

Blends based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and poly(lactic) acid (PLA) with different ratios of both polymers were produced: a blend with equal amounts of HDPE and PLA, hence 50 wt.% each, proved to be a useful compromise, allowing a high amount of bioderived charge without this being too detrimental for mechanical properties and considering its possibility to biodegradation behaviour in outdoor application. In this way, an optimal blend suitable for producing a composite with cellulosic fillers is proposed. In the selected polymer blend, wood flour (WF) was added as a natural filler in the proportion of 20, 30, and 40 wt.%, considering as 100 the weight of the polymer blend matrix. There are two compatibilizers to modify both HDPE-PLA blend and wood-flour/polymer interfaces, i.e., polyethylene-grafted maleic anhydride and a random copolymer of ethylene and glycidyl methacrylate. The most suitable percentage of compatibilizer for HDPE-PLA blends appears to be 3 wt.%, which was selected also for use with wood flour. In order to evaluate properties of blends and composites tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, and infrared spectroscopy have been performed. Wood flour seems to affect heavy blend behaviour in process production of material suggesting that future studies are needed to reduce defectiveness.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Reprocessing Natural Fiber Filled Poly(lactic acid) Composites: An In-Depth Investigation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujal Bhattacharjee ◽  
Dilpreet S. Bajwa
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Environmental Concern ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Filler Concentration ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Abrupt Decrease

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) based composites are biodegradable; their disposal after single use may be needless and uneconomical. Prodigal disposal of these composites could also create an environmental concern and additional demand for biobased feedstock. Under these circumstances, recycling could be an effective solution, since it will widen the composite service life and prevent the excessive use of natural resources. This research investigates an in-depth impact of recycling on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of oak wood flour based PLA composites. Two composite formulations (30 and 50 wt% filler), each with 3 wt% coupling agent (PLA-g-MA), were produced and reprocessed six times by extrusion followed by injection molding. Measurements of fiber length and molecular weight of polymer were, respectively, carried out by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) tools were used to study morphological and molecular alterations. With consecutive recycling, PLA composites showed a gradual decrease in strength and stiffness properties and an increase in strain properties. The 50% and 30% filler concentration of fibers in the composite showed an abrupt decrease in strength properties after six and two reprocessing cycles, respectively.

scholarly journals Progress of Disintegration of Polylactide (PLA)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) Blends Containing Talc and Chalk Inorganic Fillers under Industrial Composting Conditions

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Sengül Tolga ◽  
Stephan Kabasci ◽  
Mona Duhme
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Process ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Erosion Process ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Surface Textures ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Mineral Fillers ◽  
Industrial Composting

Biodegradable plastics are experiencing increasing demand, in particular because of said property. This also applies to the two biopolyesters poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) covered in this study. Both are proven to be biodegradable under industrial composting conditions. This study presents the influence of mineral fillers on the disintegration process of PLA/PBS blend systems under such conditions. Chalk and talc were used as fillers in PLA/PBS (7:3) blend systems. In addition, unfilled PLA/PBS (7:3/3:7) blend systems were considered. Microscopic images, differential scanning calorimetry and tensile test measurements were used in addition to measuring mass loss of the specimen to characterize the progress of disintegration. The mineral fillers used influence the disintegration behavior of PLA/PBS blends under industrial composting conditions. In general, talc leads to lower and chalk to higher disintegration rates. This effect is in line with the measured decrease in mechanical properties and melting enthalpies. The degrees of disintegration almost linearly correlate with specimen thickness, while different surface textures showed no clear effects. Thus, we conclude that disintegration in a PLA/PBS system proceeds as a bulk erosion process. Using fillers to control the degradation process is generally regarded as possible.

Wood, silver-substituted zeolite and triclosan as biodegradation controllers and antibacterial agents for poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and PLA composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chana Prapruddivongs ◽  
Narongrit Sombatsompop
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Plate Count Agar ◽  
Twin Screw

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and wood flour/PLA composites were prepared and blended with two antimicrobial agents, triclosan and silver-substituted zeolite (Zeomic), using a twin-screw extruder. The mechanical and thermal properties, antimicrobial activity, and biodegradation performance were investigated. The addition of wood and Zeomic was found to increase the Young’s modulus of the composites, whereas the tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength dropped. However, the mechanical properties of PLA and wood/PLA loaded with triclosan did not show any definite trends. Differential scanning calorimetry data indicated that the glass transition temperature value of neat PLA was 63°C, whereas those of wood/PLA composites were lower. When wood and Zeomic were incorporated, PLA exhibited double melting peaks. Triclosan (1.0 and 1.5 wt%) demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, as determined by plate count agar technique, whereas Zeomic did not. Biodegradation tests of neat PLA and wood/PLA composites showed that after a 60-day incubation period, the biodegradation rate of wood/PLA was higher than that of PLA. PLA and wood/PLA-containing Zeomic were found to degrade more quickly, suggesting that wood and Zeomic acted as biodegradation promoters. On the other hand, triclosan could be considered a biodegradation retarder since no biodegradation was observed for any triclosan-loaded samples during the initial 20 days of incubation, while neat PLA and wood/PLA composites began to degrade within the first few days.

scholarly journals Influence of Natural Fillers on Thermal and Mechanical Properties and Surface Morphology of Cellulose Acetate-Based Biocomposites

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Nikola Španić ◽  
Vladimir Jambreković ◽  
Milan Šernek ◽  
Sergej Medved
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Degree Of Degradation ◽  
Natural Fillers ◽  
Scanning Electron

In the present study, the influence of adding natural fillers to a cellulose acetate (CA) matrix, in order to develop biocomposites, on the properties of the achieved materials has been investigated. Extracted wood flour, holocellulose, and alpha cellulose were used as appropriate fillers. The results of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the fillers and biocomposites suggested the importance of the degree of degradation of filler properties, induced by the chemical treatment necessary for the preparation of the fillers, with emphasis on the content of lignin and the degradation of cellulose. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanical analysis revealed that the matrix-filler ratio had a major effect on the prepared CA-based biocomposites, since polarity differences between the two major components caused the reduction of attractive forces in the matrix-filler relation, subsequently altering the properties of the developed materials.

scholarly journals Biocomposites of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(lactic acid) Modified with Natural Fillers (Part I)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3150
Author(s):  
Anna Masek ◽  
Stefan Cichosz ◽  
Małgorzata Piotrowska
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Uv Aging ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
Natural Fillers ◽  
Natural Additives

The study aimed to prepare sustainable and degradable elastic blends of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) that were reinforced with flax fiber (FF) and montmorillonite (MMT), simultaneously filling the gap in the literature regarding the PLA-containing polymer blends filled with natural additives. The performed study reveals that FF incorporation into ENR/PLA blend may cause a significant improvement in tensile strength from (10 ± 1) MPa for the reference material to (19 ± 2) MPa for the fibers-filled blend. Additionally, it was found that MMT employment in the role of the filler might contribute to ENR/PLA plasticization and considerably promote the blend elongation up to 600%. This proves the successful creation of the unique and eco-friendly PLA-containing polymer blend exhibiting high elasticity. Moreover, thanks to the performed accelerated thermo-oxidative and ultraviolet (UV) aging, it was established that MMT incorporation may delay the degradation of ENR/PLA blends under the abovementioned conditions. Additionally, mold tests revealed that plant-derived fiber addition might highly enhance the ENR/PLA blend’s biodeterioration potential enabling faster and more efficient growth of microorganisms. Therefore, materials presented in this research may become competitive and eco-friendly alternatives to commonly utilized petro-based polymeric products.

Development of three-dimensional printing filaments based on poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites with potential for tissue engineering

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832098856
Author(s):  
Marcela Piassi Bernardo ◽  
Bruna Cristina Rodrigues da Silva ◽  
Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Deposition Modeling ◽  
3D Printed

Injured bone tissues can be healed with scaffolds, which could be manufactured using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) strategy. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most biocompatible polymers suitable for FDM, while hydroxyapatite (HA) could improve the bioactivity of scaffold due to its chemical composition. Therefore, the combination of PLA/HA can create composite filaments adequate for FDM and with high osteoconductive and osteointegration potentials. In this work, we proposed a different approache to improve the potential bioactivity of 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by increasing the HA loading (20-30%) in the PLA composite filaments. Two routes were investigated regarding the use of solvents in the filament production. To assess the suitability of the FDM-3D printing process, and the influence of the HA content on the polymer matrix, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The HA phase content of the composite filaments agreed with the initial composite proportions. The wettability of the 3D printed scaffolds was also increased. It was shown a greener route for obtaining composite filaments that generate scaffolds with properties similar to those obtained by the solvent casting, with high HA content and great potential to be used as a bone graft.

Effect of wood particulate size on the mechanical properties of PLA biocomposite

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 465-472
Author(s):  
S. Raj Sachin ◽  
T. Kandasamy Kannan ◽  
Rathanasamy Rajasekar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Characteristics ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Wood Particle ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Particulate Size ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this study is to carry out an investigation of the role of the wood particle size on the mechanical properties of poly lactic acid (PLA)-reinforced neem fiber biocomposite. Design/methodology/approach Composite test specimens were processed by reinforcing neem wood flour (NWF) in two different particle sizes, micro-sized NWF (MNWF) and nano-sized NWF (NNWF) separately into PLA. Composites were extruded at four different fiber loadings (10, 15, 20 and 25 Wt.%) into PLA matrix. The MNWF and NNWF had particle sizes varying from 5 to 15 µm and 10 to 15 nm, respectively. Findings Tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of PLA increased with fiber reinforcement for both the MNWF and NNWF cases. The NNWF-reinforced PLA composite at 20 Wt.% fiber loading proved to be the best composite that had outstanding mechanical properties in this research. Practical implications The developed composite can be used as a substitute for conventional plywood for furniture, building infrastructure and interior components for the automobile, aircraft and railway sectors. Originality/value A new biocomposite had been fabricated by using PLA and NWF and had been tested for its mechanical characteristics.

scholarly journals Silane Modified Wood Flour Blended with Poly(lactic acid) and its Effects on Composite Performance

BioResources ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Lv ◽  
Haiyan Tan ◽  
Jiyou Gu ◽  
Yanhua Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Modified Wood

scholarly journals Simultaneous Enhancement of Strength and Toughness of PLA Induced by Miscibility Variation with PVA

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanping Liu ◽  
Hanghang Wei ◽  
Zhen Wang ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Nan Tian
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fracture Strain ◽  
Electrospun Fiber ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Strength And Toughness

The mechanical properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20% (w/w) poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were investigated at the macro- and microscale. The macro-mechanical properties for the fiber membrane revealed that both the modulus and fracture strain could be improved by 100% and 70%, respectively, with a PVA content of 5%. The variation in modulus and fracture strain versus the diameter of a single electrospun fiber presented two opposite trends, while simultaneous enhancement was observed when the content of PVA was 5% and 10%. With a diameter of 1 μm, the strength and toughness of the L95V5 and L90V10 fibers were enhanced to over 3 and 2 times that of pure PLA, respectively. The structural evolution of electrospun nanofiber was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Although PLA and PVA were still miscible in the concentration range used, the latter could crystallize independently after electrospinning. According to the crystallization behavior of the nanofibers, a double network formed by PLA and PVA—one microcrystal/ordered structure and one amorphous structure—is proposed to contribute to the simultaneous enhancement of strength and toughness, which provides a promising method for preparing biodegradable material with high performance.

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