Application of an Acrylic Polymer and Epoxy Emulsion to Red Clay and Sand

Sung-Sik Park; Jung-Shin Lee; Keun-Byoung Yoon; Seung-Wook Woo; Dong-Eun Lee

doi:10.3390/polym13193410

Application of an Acrylic Polymer and Epoxy Emulsion to Red Clay and Sand

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13193410 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 3410

Author(s):

Sung-Sik Park ◽

Jung-Shin Lee ◽

Keun-Byoung Yoon ◽

Seung-Wook Woo ◽

Dong-Eun Lee

Keyword(s):

Solution Space ◽

Earth Structure ◽

Sand Sample ◽

Red Clay ◽

Acrylic Polymer ◽

Sand Mixture ◽

Earth Construction ◽

Binding Agents ◽

Data Point ◽

Epoxy Emulsion

The use of nontraditional soil stabilizers increases. Various new soil binding agents are under study to augment renewability and sustainability of an earth structure. However, despite increasing interest involved in red clay, there is minimal research investigating the stabilizing red clay with polymer. This paper presents the findings obtained by applying the acrylic polymer and epoxy emulsion as binding agent for red clay and that for sand. The epoxy–hardener ratio, amount of epoxy emulsion, and amount of polymer aqueous solution were manipulated to quantify their effects on red clay and sand, respectively. After compacting a pair of cylindrical samples of which diameter and height are 5 cm and 10 cm, respectively, it is cured for 3 and 7 days in a controlled condition. Each pair is produced to represent the engineering performance at each data point in the solution space. An optimal composition of the binding agents for red clay and that for sand mixture are identified by experimenting every data point. In addition, given lime into each sample, the maximum unconfined compressive strength (UCS) endured by red clay sample and that by sand sample are 2243 and 1493 kPa, respectively. The UCS obtained by the sample mixed with clay and sand reaches 2671 kPa after seven days of curing. It confirms that the addition of lime remarkably improves the UCS. When the clay–sand mixture, of which the ratio is 70:30, includes 5% lime, the UCS of the mixture outperforms. Indeed, these findings, i.e., the optimal proportion of components, may contribute to the increase of initial and long-term strength of an earth structure, hence improving the renewability and sustainability of the earth construction method.

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Performance Evaluation of Red Clay Binder with Epoxy Emulsion for Autonomous Rammed Earth Construction

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12092050 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 2050 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jinsung Kim ◽

Hyeonggil Choi ◽

Keun-Byoung Yoon ◽

Dong-Eun Lee

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Construction Method ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Labor Costs ◽

Red Clay ◽

Construction Methods ◽

Earth Construction ◽

Construction Techniques ◽

Alternative Means ◽

Epoxy Emulsion

Existing rammed earth construction methods have disadvantages such as increased initial costs for manufacturing the large formwork and increased labor costs owing to the labor-intensive construction techniques involved. To address the limitations of the existing rammed earth construction methods, an autonomous rammed earth construction method was introduced herein. When constructing an autonomous rammed-earth construction method, an alternative means of assuring the performance at the initial age of the binder in terms of materials is needed. In this study, in order to satisfy the performance of the red clay binder, epoxy emulsion was added to analyze the compressive strength, water loosening, shrinkage, rate of mass change, and microstructure in the range of the initial age. As a result of the analysis, the applicability of the epoxy emulsion was confirmed as a new additive for application to an autonomous rammed-earth construction method.

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Performance Evaluation of Red Clay Binder with Epoxy Emulsion for Autonomous Rammed Earth Construction

10.20944/preprints202008.0238.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jinsung Kim ◽

Hyeonggil Choi ◽

Keun-Byoung Yoon ◽

Dong-Eun Lee

Keyword(s):

Construction Method ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Labor Costs ◽

Red Clay ◽

Construction Methods ◽

Earth Construction ◽

Performance Requirements ◽

Construction Techniques ◽

Alternative Materials ◽

Epoxy Emulsion

Existing rammed earth construction methods have disadvantages such as increased initial costs for manufacturing the large formwork and increased labor costs owing to the labor-intensive construction techniques involved. To address the limitations of existing rammed earth construction methods, an autonomous rammed earth construction method is introduced herein. As this autonomous rammed earth construction method uses a modular formwork, alternative materials must be used in the construction to satisfy the requirements for the early-age binder performance. Accordingly, this study evaluates the use of an epoxy emulsion composed of epoxy and a hardener to enhance the performance of the binder. Preliminary experiments were conducted to determine the optimal formulation of the epoxy emulsion, following which the compressive strength, water loosening, shrinkage, rate of mass change, and microstructure of several red clay binder specimens with and without epoxy emulsion were analyzed at early ages. The results confirmed that the epoxy emulsion can be applied to satisfy the performance requirements for autonomous rammed earth construction by improving the durability and strength of the binder at early ages.

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A Study on the Red Clay Binder Stabilized with a Polymer Aqueous Solution

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13010054 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 54

Author(s):

Jinsung Kim ◽

Hyeonggil Choi ◽

Hyeun-Min Rye ◽

Keun-Byoung Yoon ◽

Dong-Eun Lee

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Microstructural Analysis ◽

Silica Particles ◽

Rammed Earth ◽

Aggregate Formation ◽

Red Clay ◽

Earth Construction ◽

Performance Requirements ◽

Polymer Aqueous Solution ◽

Structure And Microstructure

In this study, the performance evaluation was performed by adding a polymer aqueous (PA) solution as a new additive of the red clay binder for use in the rammed-earth construction method. The evaluation items were compressive strength, water erosion, shrinkage, crystal structure, and microstructure. As a result of the experiment, the binder was improved by efficiently bonding the silica particles by the polymerized polymer. It was confirmed that adding a PA solution to red clay enhances the compressive strength, which is further improved when 5 wt% poly(Acrylic acid(AA)-co-Acrylamide(AM)) is added to the PA solution. Microstructural analysis indicated that the addition of a PA solution facilitates effective bonding of the silica particles of red clay to form hydrogen bonding with poly(AA-co-AM) and encourages aggregate formation. Therefore, the study confirmed that PA solution can be applied to satisfy the performance requirements of the rammed-earth construction by improving the durability and strength of the binder.

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Effect of Moisture Content on the Permeability of Tailing Sand Samples Gathered from Ex Tin Mines in Perak State Malaysia

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.66-68.1384 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 66-68 ◽

pp. 1384-1389

Author(s):

A. Abdullah ◽

Shamsuddin Sulaiman ◽

B.T. Hang Tuah Baharudin ◽

M.K.A.M. Arifin ◽

T.R. Vijayaram

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Research Work ◽

Casting Process ◽

Vital Role ◽

Sand Casting ◽

Sand Sample ◽

Molding Sand ◽

Sand Mixture ◽

Testing Procedures ◽

Work Samples

Tailing sand is one of the residue minerals obtained after tin extraction. It contains silica in between 94% and 99.5% and available in abundance at the Kinta Valley, Perak State, Malaysia. Permeability is one of the important molding sand properties and considered much in the sand casting mold preparation. This molding sand property plays a vital role in the sand casting process and helps to remove the gases during the casting processing. In this research work, samples of tailing sands were gathered from four identified ex tin mines located at the Perak State, Malaysia. They were investigated by the standard sand testing procedures prescribed by the American Foundrymen Society (AFS). Sand specimens of size Ø50 mm×50 mm in height from various sand–water ratios bonded with 4% and 8% clay were compacted on applying three ramming blows of 6666 g each by using a Ridsdale-Dietert metric standard rammer. The specimens were tested for permeability number with the aid of a Ridsdale-Dietert permeability meter. Before the tests were conducted, the moisture content was measured by using a moisture analyzer. The results were compared with the properties of the molding sand samples collected from RCS Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd., the company supplying sand to the Proton Casting unit car manufacturing company. The molding sand sample sample bonded with 8% clay was found to have maximum permeability with an optimum allowable moisture content range of 3.5-6.0% and for the sand mixture bonded with 4% clay at 3.0-3.5% moisture.

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The Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Reticulated Red Clay-Sand Mixture Using X-Ray Diffraction

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022081 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2083 (2) ◽

pp. 022081

Author(s):

Yuxin Zhang ◽

Jianzhong Li ◽

Chuang Zhang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Transition Process ◽

Compression Modulus ◽

Sand Content ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Red Clay ◽

Clay Particles ◽

Sand Mixture ◽

Sand Particles

Abstract To assess the behavior of Reticulated Red Clay (RRC)-sand mixtures, a series of laboratory tests were performed on RRC-sand mixtures in which the weight ratio of sand ranging from 0% to 80%. Compaction test and direct shear test were conducted to evaluate the compactness of mixtures. The threshold sand content for the change of the mechanical properties of the mixture is 50%, and the mixture at this time has the densest structure. Oedometer test to the mixture indicate that the coefficient and compression modulus of it are only related to the ratio of its components. As the sand content in the mixture increases, the phenomena that the clay particles enclosing the sand particles and filling into the gaps of particles make the mixture denser. During the same time, there is a phenomenon of internal friction between sand particles caused by the inadequate wrapping of clay particles. Combined with the results of scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy, the appearance of these phenomena and the transition process of the structure of the mixture from the clay structure to the sand structure were confirmed.

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Influence of Quartz Sand Quality on Bending Strength and Thermal Deformation of Moulding Sands with Synthetic Binders

Archives of Foundry Engineering ◽

10.1515/afe-2015-0028 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 9-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

St. M. Dobosz ◽

A. Grabarczyk ◽

K. Major-Gabryś ◽

J. Jakubski

Keyword(s):

Thermal Deformation ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Technological Regime ◽

Grain Composition ◽

Sand Mixture ◽

Quartz Sands ◽

Binding Agents ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Different Sources

Abstract Modern techniques of castings production, including moulding sands production, require a strict technological regime and high quality materials. In the case of self-hardening moulding sands with synthetic binders those requirements apply mainly to sand, which adds to more than 98% of the whole moulding sand mixture. The factors that affect the quality of the moulding sands are both chemical (SiO2, Fe2O3 and carbonates content) and physical. Among these factors somewhat less attention is paid to the granulometric composition of the sands. As a part of this study, the effect of sand quality on bending strength Rgu and thermal deformation of self-hardening moulding sands with furfural and alkyd resin was assessed. Moulding sands with furfural resin are known [1] to be the most susceptible to the sand quality. A negative effect on its properties has, among others, high content of clay binder and so-called subgrains (fraction smaller than 0,1mm), which can lead to neutralization of acidic hardeners (in the case of moulding sands with furfuryl resin) and also increase the specific surface, what forces greater amount of binding agents. The research used 5 different quartz sands originating from different sources and characterized with different grain composition and different clay binder content.

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