scholarly journals Advocating Electrically Conductive Scaffolds with Low Immunogenicity for Biomedical Applications: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 3395
Author(s):  
Dania Adila Ahmad Ahmad Ruzaidi ◽  
Mohd Muzamir Mahat ◽  
Saiful Arifin Shafiee ◽  
Zarif Mohamed Mohamed Sofian ◽  
Awis Sukarni Mohmad Mohmad Sabere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Chemical Modifications ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Regenerative Capacity ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Current Trends

Scaffolds support and promote the formation of new functional tissues through cellular interactions with living cells. Various types of scaffolds have found their way into biomedical science, particularly in tissue engineering. Scaffolds with a superior tissue regenerative capacity must be biocompatible and biodegradable, and must possess excellent functionality and bioactivity. The different polymers that are used in fabricating scaffolds can influence these parameters. Polysaccharide-based polymers, such as collagen and chitosan, exhibit exceptional biocompatibility and biodegradability, while the degradability of synthetic polymers can be improved using chemical modifications. However, these modifications require multiple steps of chemical reactions to be carried out, which could potentially compromise the end product’s biosafety. At present, conducting polymers, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS), polyaniline, and polypyrrole, are often incorporated into matrix scaffolds to produce electrically conductive scaffold composites. However, this will reduce the biodegradability rate of scaffolds and, therefore, agitate their biocompatibility. This article discusses the current trends in fabricating electrically conductive scaffolds, and provides some insight regarding how their immunogenicity performance can be interlinked with their physical and biodegradability properties.

scholarly journals GAKTpore: Stereological Characterisation Methods for Porous Foams in Biomedical Applications

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1269
Author(s):  
Gareth Sheppard ◽  
Karl Tassenberg ◽  
Bogdan Nenchev ◽  
Joel Strickland ◽  
Ramy Mesalam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Collagen Scaffold ◽  
Porous Structures ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Biological Responses ◽  
Sem Micrograph ◽  
Cell Adhesion And Proliferation ◽  
Characterisation Methods

In tissue engineering, scaffolds are a key component that possess a highly elaborate pore structure. Careful characterisation of such porous structures enables the prediction of a variety of large-scale biological responses. In this work, a rapid, efficient, and accurate methodology for 2D bulk porous structure analysis is proposed. The algorithm, “GAKTpore”, creates a morphology map allowing quantification and visualisation of spatial feature variation. The software achieves 99.6% and 99.1% mean accuracy for pore diameter and shape factor identification, respectively. There are two main algorithm novelties within this work: (1) feature-dependant homogeneity map; (2) a new waviness function providing insights into the convexity/concavity of pores, important for understanding the influence on cell adhesion and proliferation. The algorithm is applied to foam structures, providing a full characterisation of a 10 mm diameter SEM micrograph (14,784 × 14,915 px) with 190,249 pores in ~9 min and has elucidated new insights into collagen scaffold formation by relating microstructural formation to the bulk formation environment. This novel porosity characterisation algorithm demonstrates its versatility, where accuracy, repeatability, and time are paramount. Thus, GAKTpore offers enormous potential to optimise and enhance scaffolds within tissue engineering.

scholarly journals Protein and Polysaccharide-Based Electroactive and Conductive Materials for Biomedical Applications

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4499
Author(s):  
Xiao Hu ◽  
Samuel Ricci ◽  
Sebastian Naranjo ◽  
Zachary Hill ◽  
Peter Gawason
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Conductive Materials ◽  
Production Strategies ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Material Sciences ◽  
Novel Drug

Electrically responsive biomaterials are an important and emerging technology in the fields of biomedical and material sciences. A great deal of research explores the integral role of electrical conduction in normal and diseased cell biology, and material scientists are focusing an even greater amount of attention on natural and hybrid materials as sources of biomaterials which can mimic the properties of cells. This review establishes a summary of those efforts for the latter group, detailing the current materials, theories, methods, and applications of electrically conductive biomaterials fabricated from protein polymers and polysaccharides. These materials can be used to improve human life through novel drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and biosensing technologies. The immediate goal of this review is to establish fabrication methods for protein and polysaccharide-based materials that are biocompatible and feature modular electrical properties. Ideally, these materials will be inexpensive to make with salable production strategies, in addition to being both renewable and biocompatible.

scholarly journals Modular Marx Generator Based on SiC-MOSFET Generating Adjustable Rectangular Pulses

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3492
Author(s):  
Yahia Achour ◽  
Jacek Starzyński ◽  
Jacek Rąbkowski
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Carbide ◽  
Repetition Rate ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Marx Generator ◽  
Electrical Field ◽  
Rectangular Shape ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Pulsed Electrical Field

The paper introduces a new design of Marx generator based on modular stages using Silicon Carbide MOSFETs (SiC-MOSFET) aimed to be used in biomedical applications. In this process, living cells are treated with intense nanosecond Pulsed Electrical Field (nsPEF). The electric field dose should be controlled by adjusting the pulse parameters such as amplitude, repetition rate and pulse-width. For this purpose, the structure of the proposed generator enables negative pulses with a quasi-rectangular shape, controllable amplitude, pulse-width and repetition-rate. A complete simulation study was conducted in ANSYS-Simplorer to verify the overall performance. A compact, modular prototype of Marx generator was designed with 1.7 kV rated SiC-MOSFETs and, finally, a set of experiments confirmed all expected features.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Evaluation of AlgNa-g-poly(QCL-co-HEMA) Hydrogels as Platform for Chondrocyte Proliferation and Controlled Release of Betamethasone

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 5730
Author(s):  
Jomarien García-Couce ◽  
Marioly Vernhes ◽  
Nancy Bada ◽  
Lissette Agüero ◽  
Oscar Valdés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Scanning Electron

Hydrogels obtained from combining different polymers are an interesting strategy for developing controlled release system platforms and tissue engineering scaffolds. In this study, the applicability of sodium alginate-g-(QCL-co-HEMA) hydrogels for these biomedical applications was evaluated. Hydrogels were synthesized by free-radical polymerization using a different concentration of the components. The hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and a swelling degree. Betamethasone release as well as the in vitro cytocompatibility with chondrocytes and fibroblast cells were also evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the porous surface morphology of the hydrogels in all cases. The swelling percent was determined at a different pH and was observed to be pH-sensitive. The controlled release behavior of betamethasone from the matrices was investigated in PBS media (pH = 7.4) and the drug was released in a controlled manner for up to 8 h. Human chondrocytes and fibroblasts were cultured on the hydrogels. The MTS assay showed that almost all hydrogels are cytocompatibles and an increase of proliferation in both cell types after one week of incubation was observed by the Live/Dead® assay. These results demonstrate that these hydrogels are attractive materials for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications due to their characteristics, their release kinetics, and biocompatibility.

scholarly journals Bacterial Nanocellulose in Dentistry: Perspectives and Challenges

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Hélida Gomes de Oliveira Barud ◽  
Robson Rosa da Silva ◽  
Marco Antonio Costa Borges ◽  
Guillermo Raul Castro ◽  
Sidney José Lima Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pulp Tissue ◽  
Bacterial Nanocellulose ◽  
Artificial Blood ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Artificial Blood Vessels ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Dressing Materials

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural polymer that has fascinating attributes, such as biocompatibility, low cost, and ease of processing, being considered a very interesting biomaterial due to its options for moldability and combination. Thus, BC-based compounds (for example, BC/collagen, BC/gelatin, BC/fibroin, BC/chitosan, etc.) have improved properties and/or functionality, allowing for various biomedical applications, such as artificial blood vessels and microvessels, artificial skin, and wounds dressing among others. Despite the wide applicability in biomedicine and tissue engineering, there is a lack of updated scientific reports on applications related to dentistry, since BC has great potential for this. It has been used mainly in the regeneration of periodontal tissue, surgical dressings, intraoral wounds, and also in the regeneration of pulp tissue. This review describes the properties and advantages of some BC studies focused on dental and oral applications, including the design of implants, scaffolds, and wound-dressing materials, as well as carriers for drug delivery in dentistry. Aligned to the current trends and biotechnology evolutions, BC-based nanocomposites offer a great field to be explored and other novel features can be expected in relation to oral and bone tissue repair in the near future.

2D MXene Nanomaterials for Versatile Biomedical Applications: Current Trends and Future Prospects

Small ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 2100946
Author(s):  
Beibei Lu ◽  
Zhenye Zhu ◽  
Biyuan Ma ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Rongshu Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Current Trends

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Zwitterionic Hydrogels: Preparation, Property, and Biomedical Application

Gels ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Sihang Liu ◽  
Jingyi Tang ◽  
Fangqin Ji ◽  
Weifeng Lin ◽  
Shengfu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Nonspecific Protein Adsorption ◽  
Anionic Groups

Nonspecific protein adsorption impedes the sustainability of materials in biologically related applications. Such adsorption activates the immune system by quick identification of allogeneic materials and triggers a rejection, resulting in the rapid failure of implant materials and drugs. Antifouling materials have been rapidly developed in the past 20 years, from natural polysaccharides (such as dextran) to synthetic polymers (such as polyethylene glycol, PEG). However, recent studies have shown that traditional antifouling materials, including PEG, still fail to overcome the challenges of a complex human environment. Zwitterionic materials are a class of materials that contain both cationic and anionic groups, with their overall charge being neutral. Compared with PEG materials, zwitterionic materials have much stronger hydration, which is considered the most important factor for antifouling. Among zwitterionic materials, zwitterionic hydrogels have excellent structural stability and controllable regulation capabilities for various biomedical scenarios. Here, we first describe the mechanism and structure of zwitterionic materials. Following the preparation and property of zwitterionic hydrogels, recent advances in zwitterionic hydrogels in various biomedical applications are reviewed.

scholarly journals Biomedical applications of electrically conductive polymeric systems

e-Polymers ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Jagur-Grodzinski
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Bone Cells ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Polymeric Systems ◽  
Neural Tissues ◽  
Novel Applications ◽  
Chemical Materials

AbstractProperties of the electrically conductive polymers (ECPs) enable introduction of several novel applications in various fields, among others, as biomedical materials. Their use as scaffolds for tissue engineering and recovery of damaged neural tissues is especially advantageous. They may also be used for the electrically induced drug release and delivery, and as very sensitive biosensors for clinical applications. Another use is the detection and precision of the biologically important chemical materials. They have been shown to modulate and accelerate activities of the nerve, skeletal, muscle, and bone cells. Cell growth, migration and adhesion, may be stimulated by applying electric potential. Synthesis of DNA, secretion of proteins, and transformations of stem cells may be enhanced. Clinical analysis using ECP-based biosensors make possible the precise determination of the exact composition of individual DNA molecules, and thus enable early detection and treatment of genetically related diseases. Electrochemical (EC) approach of ECP-sensors enables precise determination of concentrations of several biologically important chemicals.

scholarly journals Review on Nanocrystalline Cellulose in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2818
Author(s):  
Nur Ilyana Sahira Murizan ◽  
Nur Syahirah Mustafa ◽  
Nor Hasrul Akhmal Ngadiman ◽  
Noordin Mohd Yusof ◽  
Ani Idris
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Biomedical Application ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Isolation Method ◽  
Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽  
Comprehensive Knowledge ◽  
Low Toxicity

Nanocrystalline cellulose is an abundant and inexhaustible organic material on Earth. It can be derived from many lignocellulosic plants and also from agricultural residues. They endowed exceptional physicochemical properties, which have promoted their intensive exploration in biomedical application, especially for tissue engineering scaffolds. Nanocrystalline cellulose has been acknowledged due to its low toxicity and low ecotoxicological risks towards living cells. To explore this field, this review provides an overview of nanocrystalline cellulose in designing materials of bone scaffolds. An introduction to nanocrystalline cellulose and its isolation method of acid hydrolysis are discussed following by the application of nanocrystalline cellulose in bone tissue engineering scaffolds. This review also provides comprehensive knowledge and highlights the contribution of nanocrystalline cellulose in terms of mechanical properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Lastly, the challenges for future scaffold development using nanocrystalline cellulose are also included.

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