scholarly journals Comparative Study of Fire Resistance and Anti-Ageing Properties of Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coatings Reinforced with Conch Shell Bio-Filler

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 2620
Author(s):  
Feiyue Wang ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Long Yan ◽  
Yuwei Feng
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Accelerated Ageing ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Synergistic Flame Retardant ◽  
Conch Shell ◽  
Suppression Effects

Conch shell bio-filler (CSBF) was prepared by washing, ultrasonicating, and pulverizing of conch shells and then was applied in waterborne intumescent fire-retardant coatings. The influence of CSBF on fire resistance and anti-ageing properties of intumescent fire-retardant coatings were studied by using different analytical methods. The fire protection and smoke density tests showed that when the mass fraction of CSBF was 3%, the resulting FRC3 coating had the optimum synergistic flame-retardant and smoke-suppression effects concomitant with a flame-spread rating of 10.7, equilibrium backside temperature of 152.4 °C at 900 s, and smoke-density rating value of 10.4%, which were attributed to the establishment of a more dense and stable intumescent char layer against heat and mass transfer. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the presence of CSBF increased the thermal stability and char-forming performance of the coatings, and the char residue of FRC3 rose to 34.6% at 800 °C from 28.6% of FRC0 without CSBF. The accelerated ageing test suggested that the incorporation of CSBF reduced the migration and decomposition of the flame retardants and the yellowing, blistering, and powdering phenomenon, thus improving the structural stability of the coating, resulting in better durability of flame retardancy and smoke-suppression performance.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Fire Resistance and Char Formation of Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coatings Reinforced with Three Types of Shell Bio-Fillers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4333
Author(s):  
Feiyue Wang ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Long Yan
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Test Fire ◽  
Forming Mechanism ◽  
Smoke Density ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Conch Shell

Three types of shell bio-fillers, including eggshell (CES), conch shell (CHS) and clamshell (CMS), were prepared by cleaning, ultrasonication and pulverizing processes of biowastes, and then applied to intumescent fire-retardant coatings. The effects of shell bio-fillers with different polymorphs on the fire resistance and char-forming of intumescent fire-retardant coatings were investigated by cone calorimeter test, fire protection tests, smoke density test, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and the fire resistance and char-forming mechanism of bio-fillers in intumescent fire-retardant coatings were proposed. The results show that three kinds of bio-fillers exert an excellent synergistic effect on enhancing the fire resistance and char-forming properties of the intumescent fire-retardant coatings, while clamshell has the best synergistic efficiency among the bio-fillers. Especially, IFRC-CMS coating containing 3 wt% clamshell shows the best fire protection performance and lowest smoke production and heat release, which offers an equilibrium backside temperature of 134.6 °C at 900 s, a flame-spread rating of 14.4, and a smoke density rating value of 22.8%. The synergistic efficiency of bio-fillers in the intumescent coatings depends on the polymorphs of CaCO3 in bio-fillers, and aragonite CaCO3 shows a higher synergistic efficiency compared to calcite CaCO3 and the mixture of aragonite and calcite CaCO3. The CMS composed of aragonite shows the best synergistic effect, CHS composed of aragonite and calcite comes second, and CES composed of calcite has the weakest synergistic effect.

scholarly journals Flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics of bamboo impregnated with silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcates

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1311-1324
Author(s):  
Yating Hua ◽  
Chungui Du ◽  
Huilong Yu ◽  
Ailian Hu ◽  
Rui Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Carbon Monoxide Yield

Flame-retardant silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcites (CaAl-SiO3-LDHs) were synthesized to treat bamboo for retardancy, to overcome the bamboo’s flammability and reduce the production of toxic smoke during combustion. The microstructure, elemental composition, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression characteristics of the bamboo before and after the fire-retardant treatment with different pressure impregnation were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis (EDX), and cone calorimetry. It was found that CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame retardants can effectively fill and cover the cell wall surface and the cell cavity of bamboo without damaging the microstructure. As compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the heat release rate (HRR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo was significantly reduced, the total heat release (THR) decreased by 31.3%, the residue mass increased by 51.4%, the time to ignition (TTI) delay rate reached 77.8%, the mass loss rate (MLR) decreased, and the carbon formation improved. Additionally, as compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the total smoke release (TSR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo decreased by 38.9%, and the carbon monoxide yield (YCO) approached zero. Thus, the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo has excellent flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STEEL TUBE CONFINEMENT CONCRETE PILLARS PROTECTION BY FIRE-RETARDANT MATERIALS

Fire Safety ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
M. Semerak ◽  
D. Kharyshyn ◽  
N. Ferents ◽  
T. Berezhanskyi
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Rapid Heating ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Concrete Columns ◽  
Steel Tube ◽  
Mineral Wool ◽  
Concrete Core

Currently, in Ukraine and abroad for the construction of high-rise buildings and structures using pipe-like structures. Wide application of pipe concrete columns is due to their high carrying capacity at relatively smaller overall dimensions due to the blocking of cracking in concrete by a steel clasp. The advantages of concrete columns should include more simplified conditions of technology of manufacturing and installation on their basis of bearing structures of floor covering. Piping constructions consist of steel shells and concrete core. Since the steel pipe mainly provides the bearing capacity of the concrete column, its failure or reduction of stiffness, which is characteristic of the fire under the influence of its thermal factors, leads to destruction. Investigation of fire resistance of concrete structures, which are not protected by flame retardant coatings, showed that a steel clasp during a fire after 15 minutes is heated to a critical temperature of 500 ° C.The use of flame retardant coatings is an effective method of fire protection of concrete constructions, which prevents the rapid heating of steel welds and provides a normalized fire resistance limit for such structures. In this work, studies were carried out on the effectiveness of fire protection of concrete columns with different types of fire-retardant materials - mineral wool slabs, special flame retardants and flame-retardant coatings. For fire protection mineral wool materials were used ROCKWOOL plates of the series "Conlit SL150". Mineral wool plates "Conlit SL 150" consist of fibers of rocks of a basalt group, they can withstand, without melting, temperature more than 1000 ° С. The silica-based adhesive "Conlit Glue" can withstand temperatures above 900 ° C, has good adhesion when bonding Conlit SL 150 mineral wool slabs with protective structures. From the second type of fire-retardant materials, the fire-proof composition "Naktresk" was chosen on the basis of gypsum. The coating is formed in the process due to hardening of the mixture on protected surfaces. The third type of flame retardant materials is the flame-retardant intumessent coating "Pyro-Safe Flammoplast SP-A2".It has been established that with the use of fire protection systems on the basis of mineral wool plates "Conlit SL150" and fire retardant "Nutresc", the fire resistance class of reinforced concrete columns increases from R 15 to R 180. The fire protection system on the basis of the painted paint "Pyro-Safe Flammoplast SP-A2" »Increases fire resistance from R 15 to R 75

Impact of graphene oxide on epoxy resin characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 095400832094392
Author(s):  
Maziyar Sabet ◽  
Hassan Soleimani ◽  
Seyednooroldin Hosseini ◽  
Erfan Mohammadian
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Polymer Chains ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Smoke Production ◽  
Smoke Density

The incorporation of a small part of graphene oxide (GO) offers an appropriate fire retardant for thermally conductive epoxy (EP) resin composites, which is verified by the upper limiting oxygen index of 24.5% and other standard flame-retardant tests. The smoke production rate, total smoke production (TSP), and the smoke density of EP composites were reduced with additional GO. The increased efficiency of fire resistance and smoke suppression is primarily due to the formation of physical barrier and compactness of the developed GO char layers, serving as an effective barrier layer that increases the fire resistance, and the thermal steadiness of the char layers derives from the effect of GO inclusion. The barrier impact of GO and the limited mobility of polymer chains are crucial factors in increasing thermal stability and reduction of generating dangerous carbon monoxide during burns. The thermal stability increased and the peak heat release rate, total heat release, TSP, and the largest smoke density value reduced to 52.5%, 43.6%, 33.9%, and 44.2%, correspondingly, compared with pure EP. The tensile strength and elongation at break of EP composites were enhanced by 23% and 8.4% compared with pure EP, respectively.

scholarly journals Flame retardation performances of phosphorus-containing compounds in unsaturated polyester

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-152
Author(s):  
Huyen Thi Thu Nguyen ◽  
Linh Thi Thuy Pham ◽  
Quy Thi Dong Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Hydrogen Phosphite ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Flame Retardation ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Aluminium hydrogen phosphite (AHP) was synthesized in order to investigate their flame retarding performances for unsaturated polyester (UP). AHP and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) flame retardants were studied to increase fire resistance and thermal stability of materials. UL 94HB rating is achieved at 15 wt% AHP - 15 wt% TPP loading. Sample with 30 wt% loading of AHP has the burning rate slower than that of neat UP. The incorporation of FR increases the flame retardant properties as well as the amounts of charred residues protecting the mixture from further degradation. This assertion can be accepted when observing that the char yield of UP/FR mixtures at 500-650 oC is much higher than that of neat UP. The char layer may limit the amount of fuel available and insulate the underlying polymer from the flame and, thus, make further degradation more difficult.

scholarly journals ПОРІВНЯННЯ ПОЛІОЛІВ ЯК КАРБОНІЗУЮЧИХ АГЕНТІВ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙ ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНОГО ТИПУ

2022 ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
LIUBOV VAKHITOVA ◽  
KONSTANTIN KALAFAT ◽  
NADIYA TARAN ◽  
VOLODYMYR BESSARABOV
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Protection Efficiency ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Thermal Insulating ◽  
Intumescent Coatings ◽  
Intumescent System

Purpose. To study the influence of the carbonizing agent structure on the formation of thermal insulating char layer of intumescent system acid donor/polyol and on the fire protection efficiency of the system at high temperatures. Methodology. A fire retardant mixture of an acid donor (phosphates ammonium, urea, melamine)/ polyol was chosen as a model intumescent system. Dispersion of vinyl acetate copolymer with ethylene was used as a polymeric component. The study applied the characteristics of the char layer of the intumescent composition at a certain temperature. The volumetric intumescent coefficient (K, cm3/g), mass of char residue (m, %), structure and density of the char layer are proposed as the main estimated parameters of flame retardant effect. IR spectroscopy was used to identify products of thermolysis of intumescent systems. Determination of fire protection efficiency of intumescent coatings was carried out in a mini-oven under standard fire conditions. Findings. The influence of polyol structure on the formation of thermal insulating char layer of intumescent acid donor/polyol system and the prediction of fire protection efficiency of this system under high temperature conditions has been investigated. It has been shown that under conditions of thermal shock the fire protection efficiency is more dependent on the nucleophilic reactivity of the polyol towards the unsaturated phosphorus atom of the acid donor than on its thermal stability. It has been found that pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, starch, dextrin, xylitol and sorbitol are the most effective carbonizing agents, regardless of the structure of the acid donor. It has been proved by infrared spectroscopy that at high temperatures as a result of the decomposition of pentaerythritol one of the reaction products is the aldehydes interacting with pentaerythritol with the formation of oligomeric compounds with a simple ether bond C-O-C. At the same time, pentaerythritol can be considered as a universal source of carbon framework for intumescent flame retardants regardless of the phosphate structure used. Originality. It has been shown that an important factor to increase the fire protection efficiency of intumescent systems is the use of polyols with an increased nucleophilicity in the esterification between polyol and phosphoric acid.Practical value. The optimal polyols as carbonizing agents for formulation of intumescent coatings with enhanced fire protection properties have been determined.

scholarly journals Polymer Composites Filled with Metal Derivatives: A Review of Flame Retardants

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1701
Author(s):  
R. A. Ilyas ◽  
S. M. Sapuan ◽  
M. R. M. Asyraf ◽  
D. A. Z. N. Dayana ◽  
J. J. N. Amelia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Safety Concern ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Thermoplastic Composites ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Metal Derivatives ◽  
Resistance Performance

Polymer composites filled with metal derivatives have been widely used in recent years, particularly as flame retardants, due to their superior characteristics, including high thermal behavior, low environmental degradation, and good fire resistance. The hybridization of metal and polymer composites produces various favorable properties, making them ideal materials for various advanced applications. The fire resistance performance of polymer composites can be enhanced by increasing the combustion capability of composite materials through the inclusion of metallic fireproof materials to protect the composites. The final properties of the metal-filled thermoplastic composites depend on several factors, including pore shape and distribution and morphology of metal particles. For example, fire safety equipment uses polyester thermoplastic and antimony sources with halogenated additives. The use of metals as additives in composites has captured the attention of researchers worldwide due to safety concern in consideration of people’s life and public properties. This review establishes the state-of-art flame resistance properties of metals/polymer composites for numerous industrial applications.

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