scholarly journals Binary Green Blends of Poly(lactic acid) with Poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) and Poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) and Their Nanocomposites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2489
Author(s):  
Serena Coiai ◽  
Maria Laura Di Lorenzo ◽  
Patrizia Cinelli ◽  
Maria Cristina Righetti ◽  
Elisa Passaglia
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Butylene Terephthalate ◽  
Green Materials ◽  
The Impact

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is the most widely produced biobased, biodegradable and biocompatible polyester. Despite many of its properties are similar to those of common petroleum-based polymers, some drawbacks limit its utilization, especially high brittleness and low toughness. To overcome these problems and improve the ductility and the impact resistance, PLA is often blended with other biobased and biodegradable polymers. For this purpose, poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) are very advantageous copolymers, because their toughness and elongation at break are complementary to those of PLA. Similar to PLA, both these copolymers are biodegradable and can be produced from annual renewable resources. This literature review aims to collect results on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends, as binary blends with and without addition of coupling agents. The effect of different compatibilizers on the PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends properties is here elucidated, to highlight how the PLA toughness and ductility can be improved and tuned by using appropriate additives. In addition, the incorporation of solid nanoparticles to the PLA/PBAT and PLA/PBSA blends is discussed in detail, to demonstrate how the nanofillers can act as morphology stabilizers, and so improve the properties of these PLA-based formulations, especially mechanical performance, thermal stability and gas/vapor barrier properties. Key points about the biodegradation of the blends and the nanocomposites are presented, together with current applications of these novel green materials.

scholarly journals Poly(Lactic Acid)–Poly(Butylene Succinate)–Sugar Beet Pulp Composites; Part I: Mechanics of Composites with Fine and Coarse Sugar Beet Pulp Particles

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2531
Author(s):  
Rodion Kopitzky
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Sugar Beet Pulp ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Fracture Patterns ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
The Impact

Sugar beet pulp (SBP) is a residue available in large quantities from the sugar industry, and can serve as a cost-effective bio-based and biodegradable filler for fully bio-based compounds based on bio-based polyesters. The heterogeneous cell structure of sugar beet suggests that the processing of SBP can affect the properties of the composite. An “Ultra-Rotor” type air turbulence mill was used to produce SBP particles of different sizes. These particles were processed in a twin-screw extruder with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and fillers to granules for possible marketable formulations. Different screw designs, compatibilizers and the use of glycerol as a thermoplasticization agent for SBP were also tested. The spherical, cubic, or ellipsoidal-like shaped particles of SBP are not suitable for usage as a fiber-like reinforcement. In addition, the fineness of ground SBP affects the mechanical properties because (i) a high proportion of polar surfaces leads to poor compatibility, and (ii) due to the inner structure of the particulate matter, the strength of the composite is limited to the cohesive strength of compressed sugar-cell compartments of the SBP. The compatibilization of the polymer–matrix–particle interface can be achieved by using compatibilizers of different types. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fracture patterns show that the compatibilization can lead to both well-bonded particles and cohesive fracture patterns in the matrix. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties are limited by the impact and elongation behavior. Therefore, the applications of SBP-based composites must be well considered.

scholarly journals Investigation on compatibility of PLA/PBAT blends modified by epoxy-terminated branched polymers through chemical micro-crosslinking

e-Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang ◽  
Yujuan Jin ◽  
Kai’er Kang ◽  
Nan Yang ◽  
Yunxuan Weng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Glass Transition ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Branched Polymers ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Butylene Terephthalate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn this study, a type of epoxy-terminated branched polymer (ETBP) was used as an interface compati- bilizer to modify the poly lactic acid (PLA)/poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) (70/30) blends. Upon addition of ETBP, the difference in glass transition temperature between PLA and PBAT became smaller. By adding 3.0 phr of ETBP, the elongation at break of the PLA/PBAT blends was found increased from 45.8% to 272.0%; the impact strength increased from 26.2 kJ·m−2 to 45.3 kJ·m−2. In SEM analysis, it was observed that the size of the dispersed PBAT particle decreased with the increasing of ETBP content. These results indicated that the compatibility between PLA and PBAT can be effectively enhanced by using ETBP as the modifier. The modification mechanism was discussed in detail. It proposes that both physical and chemical micro-crosslinking were formed, the latter of which was confirmed by gel content analysis.

scholarly journals Hybrid Biocomposites Based on Poly(Lactic Acid) and Silica Aerogel for Food Packaging Applications

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 4910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Aragón-Gutierrez ◽  
Marina P. Arrieta ◽  
Mar López-González ◽  
Marta Fernández-García ◽  
Daniel López
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Silica Aerogel ◽  
Food Packaging ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Composite Films ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Barrier Performance

Bionanocomposites based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and silica aerogel (SiA) were developed by means of melt extrusion process. PLA-SiA composite films were plasticized with 15 wt.% of acetyl (tributyl citrate) (ATBC) to facilitate the PLA processability as well as to attain flexible polymeric formulations for films for food packaging purposes. Meanwhile, SiA was added in four different proportions (0.5, 1, 3 and 5 wt.%) to evaluate the ability of SiA to improve the thermal, mechanical, and barrier performance of the bionanocomposites. The mechanical performance, thermal stability as well as the barrier properties against different gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and oxygen) of the bionanocomposites were evaluated. It was observed that the addition of 3 wt.% of SiA to the plasticized PLA-ATBC matrix showed simultaneously an improvement on the thermal stability as well as the mechanical and barrier performance of films. Finally, PLA-SiA film formulations were disintegrated in compost at the lab-scale level. The combination of ATBC and SiA sped up the disintegration of PLA matrix. Thus, the bionanocomposites produced here show great potential as sustainable polymeric formulations with interest in the food packaging sector.

Effect of various enzymatic treatments on the mechanical properties of coir fiber/poly(lactic acid) biocomposites

2019 ◽  
pp. 089270571986461
Author(s):  
Kubra Coskun ◽  
Aysenur Mutlu ◽  
Mehmet Dogan ◽  
Ebru Bozacı
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Coir Fiber ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Remarkable Effect ◽  
The Impact

The effects of enzymatic treatments on the properties of coir fiber-reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were not found in the literature. Accordingly, the effects of various enzymatic treatments on the mechanical performance of the coir fiber-reinforced PLA composites were investigated in the current study. Four different enzymes, namely lipase, lactase, pectinase, and cellulase, were used. The mechanical properties of the composites were determined by the tensile, flexural, impact tests, and dynamic mechanical analysis. According to the test results, the use of enzyme treated coir fibers affected the mechanical properties except for the flexural properties with different extents depending upon their type. The tensile strength increased with the treatments of lipase and lactase, while the treatments with pectinase and cellulase had no remarkable effect. The impact strength was improved with enzymatic treatments except for pectinase. All enzymatic treatments improved the elastic modulus below the glass transition temperature. In brief, enzymatic treatments improved the interfacial adhesion between coir fiber and PLA via the waxes and fatty acids removal and/or the increment in surface roughness.

Wood flour reinforced biodegradable PBS/PLA composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (19) ◽  
pp. 2641-2650 ◽  
Author(s):  
U Saeed ◽  
MA Nawaz ◽  
HA Al-Turaif
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Biodegradable Polymers ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Wood Flour ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
The Impact

The advanced development of biocomposites made of biodegradable polymers and natural fibers has initiated great interest because the resultant polymer will degrade absolutely and will not emit toxic substances. Among the biodegradable polymers, the poly(butylene succinate) and poly(lactic acid) have diverse commercial applications and the natural fiber such as wood flour is renewable and cheaper alternative to synthetic fiber. The properties of the composite made of poly(butylene succinate)/poly(lactic acid) blend and wood flour are not compatible due to the poor wettability and interfacial adhesion. Therefore, in the study presented, the Fusabond MB 100 D has been used to improve the interfacial bonding between poly(butylene succinate)/poly(lactic acid) blend and the dispersed wood flour. The results reveal that the addition of FB not only increases the tensile strength but also improves the impact strength of poly(butylene succinate)/poly(lactic acid)wood flour composite under high dynamic loading. Moreover, when Fusabond MB 100 D is added as a coupling agent to the poly(butylene succinate)/poly(lactic acid)wood flour composite results of X-ray photo spectroscopy, fracture surface morphology and dynamical mechanical property indicate the interaction between the poly(butylene succinate)/poly(lactic acid) blend with the wood flour.

scholarly journals Analysis of Gas Permeability Characteristics of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) Nanocomposites

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amita Bhatia ◽  
Rahul K. Gupta ◽  
Sati N. Bhattacharya ◽  
Hyoung Jin Choi
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Barrier Property ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Morphological Studies

Gas permeability and morphological properties of nanocomposites prepared by the mixing of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and clay was investigated. While the composition of PLA and PBS polymers was fixed as 80% and 20% by weight, respectively, for all the nanocomposites, clay contents varied from 1 to 10 wt%. From the morphological studies using both wide angle X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, the nanocomposite having 1 wt% of clay was considered to have a mixed morphology of intercalated and delaminated structure, while some clusters or agglomerated particles were detected for nanocomposites having 3 and more than 3 wt% of clay content. However, the average particle size of the dispersed PBS phase was reduced significantly from 7 μm to 30–40 nm with the addition of clay in the blend. The oxygen barrier property was improved significantly as compared to the water vapor. A model based on gas barrier property was used for the validation of the oxygen relative permeabilities of PLA/PBS/clay nanocomposites. PLA/PBS/clay nanocomposites validated the Bharadwaj model up to 3 wt% of clay contents only, while for nanocomposites of higher clay contents the Bharadwaj model was invalid due to the clusters and agglomerates formed.

Biodegradable poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene succinate) fibers with high elongation for health care products

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (15) ◽  
pp. 1735-1744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwathig AM Hassan ◽  
Salah Eldin Elarabi ◽  
You Wei ◽  
Muhuo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Melt Spinning ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Butylene Succinate ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Biodegradable Poly ◽  
Spinning Process ◽  
High Elongation ◽  
The Impact

Poly (lactic acid)/poly (butylene succinate) (PLA/PBS) blend fibers with high miscibility and improved elongation with comparable mechanical strength were fabricated using the melt spinning process in order to reduce the impact on the environment by long-lasting plastics-based composites. The PLA/PBS blend fibers produced in different ratios have revealed high miscibility, which has been confirmed by morphological studies. The thermal properties showed the melting temperature of PLA at 167.13℃ and PLA/PBS blends at 169.18℃, and an increased content of PBS in blends also led to improved crystallinity. Importantly, during tensile testing, it is observed that the fracture behavior of the specimen changed from brittle fracture of neat PLA to ductile fracture of the blends, as demonstrated by the significant increase in the elongation at break with comparable tensile strength and modulus. Furthermore, the washing fastness, rubbing fastness, exhaustion values, strength loss, and shade depth ( K/ S value) for the knitted and dyed fibers were explored. It was found that the exhaustion and K/ S value increased when the temperature increased, but the strength decreased. The exhaustion and K/ S value of PLA/PBS blend fabrics improved compared to pure PLA fabric, with excellent washing and rubbing fastness.

Effect of low nanoclay content on the physico-mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Robledo-Ortíz ◽  
AS Martín del Campo ◽  
EJ López-Naranjo ◽  
M Arellano ◽  
CF Jasso-Gastinel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Degradation Temperature ◽  
Nanoclay Content ◽  
The Impact

In this work, three different nanoclays (1.44P, 1.34MN, and Cloisite 15A) were used to reinforce an injection grade poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The nanocomposites (NCs) were prepared using three different nanoclay concentration levels (1, 3, and 5 wt%) in a twin-screw extruder. To evaluate their mechanical performance (static and dynamic tests) and thermal properties, the respective samples were obtained by injection molding. Results showed that the three nanoclays significantly increased the tensile and flexural modulus of the injection grade PLA. The 1.34MN NCs also showed improvement in the tensile strength. An increment in flexural strength was obtained with 1.34MN and 1.44P nanoclays, while with nanoclay 15A, the flexural strength decreased. Additionally, the use of 5 wt% of 1.44P nanoclay allowed an increase in impact strength while using 1.34MN and 15A nanoclays, the impact strength was similar to the one observed for pure PLA. In general, mechanodynamic analysis results showed that storage modulus increased with nanoclay content; while thermogravimetric analysis indicated that none of the nanoclays has a significant effect over the degradation temperature of pure PLA. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the crystallinity of PLA is enhanced with nanoclay inclusion. For 1.34MN NCs, X-ray diffraction observations exposed that the mineral clay relative intensity peaks disappeared indicating nanoclay exfoliation, which contributes to the increase in tensile and flexural strength in the NCs. Nevertheless for 1.44P and 15A nanoclays, an increase in the interlayer distance (intercalation) was detected.

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