scholarly journals Electrical Heating Performance of Graphene/PLA-Based Various Types of Auxetic Patterns and Its Composite Cotton Fabric Manufactured by CFDM 3D Printer

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2010
Author(s):  
Hyelim Kim ◽  
Sunhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Surface Resistivity ◽  
Unit Cell ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Heat Distribution ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Heating Performance

To evaluate the electrical heating performance by auxetic pattern, re-entrant honeycomb (RE), chiral truss (CT), honeycomb (HN), and truss (TR), using graphene/PLA (Polylactic acid) filament, were manufactured by CFDM (conveyor fused deposition modelling) 3D printer. In addition, HN and TR, which was indicated to have an excellent electrical heating property, were selected to verify the feasibility of applying fabric heating elements. The result of morphology was that the number of struts constituting the unit cell and the connected points were TR < HN < CT < RE. It was also influenced by the surface resistivity and electrical heating performance. RE, which has the highest number of struts constituting the unit cell and the relative density, had the highest value of surface resistivity, and the lowest value was found in the opposite TR. In the electrical heating performance of samples, the heat distribution of RE was limited even when the applied voltage was increased. However, HN and TR were diffused throughout the sample. In addition, the surface temperature of RE, CT, HN, and TR was about 72.4 °C, 83.1 °C, 94.9 °C, and 85.9, respectively as applied at 30 V. When the HN and TR were printed on cotton fabric, the surface resistivity of HN/cotton and TR/cotton was about 103 Ω/sq, which showed conductive material. The results of electrical heating properties indicated that the heat distribution of HN/cotton showed only in the region where power was supplied, but the TR/cotton was gradually expanded and presented stable electric heating properties. When 30 V was applied, the surface temperature of both samples showed more than 80 °C, and the shape was maintained stably due to the high thermal conductivity of the cotton fabric. Therefore, this study ensured that HN and TR show excellent electrical heating performance among four types of auxetic patterns with continuity.

Electrical heating properties of various electro-circuit patterns coated on cotton fabric using graphene/polymer composites

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (19-20) ◽  
pp. 4114-4130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyelim Kim ◽  
Sunhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Vinylidene Fluoride ◽  
Surface Resistivity ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Stripe Pattern ◽  
White Zone ◽  
Heating Performance ◽  
Poly Vinylidene Fluoride ◽  
The Difference

To investigate the electrical heating performance of two types of electro-circuit patterns, stripe-pattern (SP) and horseshoe-pattern (HP) types were designed by using graphene/poly(vinylidene fluoride- co-hexafluoropropylene) composites to fabricate electrical heating textiles for the inner layers of clothing and gloves to maintain body temperature. To confirm the electrical properties of the pattern shape and area of the coated circuit, the surface resistivity of SP and HP types was measured with various sample lengths, namely 100, 75, and 50 mm, respectively. The surface resistivity of each sample tends to increase linearly with the increasing size of the coated area. In addition, the surface resistivity of the HP is found to be higher than that of the SP. It could be confirmed that the surface resistivity increases as the curvature increases. For the electrical heating properties of the HP, a white-zone and a red-zone appeared clearly, and locally excess heat appeared at the white-zone; the resistive heat can be explained by the collision of the free electrons in the curved shape of the HP area. In order to confirm the applicability of the fabric heating elements, HP100/cotton, HP75/cotton, and HP50/cotton were fabricated by applying the HP to cotton fabric. The difference of surface temperatures at two points of each line of HP100/cotton, HP75/cotton, and HP50/cotton were about 6.0 ± 2.4℃, 6.8 ± 4.5℃, and 3.5 ± 1.7℃, respectively. It has been confirmed that the heating performance is improved, due to the collision of electrons in the curved region with decreasing HP100/cotton to HP50/cotton ratio, and the white-zone is also increased.

Heat distribution in material during fused deposition modelling

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 615-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Wolszczak ◽  
Krystian Lygas ◽  
Mateusz Paszko ◽  
Radoslaw A. Wach
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Accuracy ◽  
Glass Transition Point ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Heat Distribution ◽  
Thermoplastic Material ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Imaging Camera ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The paper aims to investigate the problem of heat distribution in FDM 3D printing. The temperature distribution of the material is important because of the occurrence of shrinkage and crystallization phenomena that affect the dimensional accuracy and strength of the material. Design/methodology/approach The study uses a thermoplastic material (polylactide) and a test stand equipped with a 3D printer adapted to perform thermographic observations. The main source of heat in the study was a molten laminate material and a hot-end head. Findings When the material is molten at the temperature of 190°C, the temperature of a previous layer increases above the glass transition point (Tg = 64.8°C) and reaches to about 80°C. In addition, at the boundary of the layers, there occurs a permanent bonding of the consecutive layers because of their partial melting. The paper also reports the results of porosity of PLA samples printed at the temperature ranging between 205 and 255°C. The degree of porosity depends on the temperature of the extruded material. Practical implications The results may be helpful for designers of various printed parts and construction engineers of printing heads and 3D printer chambers. Originality/value Thermograms of material layers with a height of 0.3 mm are obtained using a thermal imaging camera with a lens for macro magnification (43 pixels/mm).

scholarly journals Characterization of Electrical Heating Performance of CFDM 3D-Printed Graphene/Polylactic Acid (PLA) Horseshoe Pattern with Different 3D Printing Directions

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2955
Author(s):  
Hyelim Kim ◽  
Sunhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Surface Resistivity ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Printing Direction

This study manufactured a horseshoe pattern (HP)-type electrical heating element based on a graphene/polylactic acid (GR/PLA) filament using CFDM (conveyor-fused deposition modeling) 3D printing technology, which is a new manufacturing process technology. CFDM 3D printing HP was fabricated in the different printing directions of 0°, 45°, and 90°. To confirm the effects of different 3D printing directions, the morphology, surface resistivity, and electrical heating properties of the different HPs were analyzed. In addition, the CFDM 3D-printed HPs made using different printing directions were printed on cotton fabric to confirm their applicability as fabric heating elements, and their electrical heating properties were measured. Regarding the morphology of the GR/PLA-HP, each sample was stacked according to the printing direction. It was also confirmed through FE-SEM images that the graphene was arranged according to the printing direction in which the nozzle moved. In the XRD pattern analysis, the GR/PLA-HP samples showed two diffraction peaks of PLA and graphene. The sizes of those peaks were increased in the order of 90° < 45° ≤ 0° according to the printing direction, which also affected the electrical and electric heating properties. The surface resistivities of the GR/PLA-HP samples were shown to be increased in the order of 0° < 45° < 90°, indicating that the electrical properties of GR/PLA HP printed at 0° were improved compared to those of the other samples. When 30 V was applied to three GR/PLA-HP samples according to the printing direction, the surface temperatures were decreased in the order of 0° < 45° < 90°, and the samples were indicated as 83.6, 80.6, and 52.5 °C, respectively; the same result was shown when the samples were printed on cotton fabric. Therefore, it was confirmed that the GR/PLA CFDM 3D-printed HP sample printed at 0° direction showed low surface resistivity and high surface temperature, so that improving the electrical heating properties.

Performance of Low-Cost 3D Printer in Medical Application

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nor Aiman Sukindar ◽  
Azib Azhari Awang Dahan ◽  
Sharifah Imihezri Syed Shaharuddin ◽  
Nor Farah Huda Abd Halim
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Medical Application ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Total Deformation ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Porosity Level ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Printing Parameters

Abstract Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing (AM) process that produces a physical object directly from a CAD design using layer-by-layer deposition of the filament material that is extruded via a nozzle. In industry, FDM has become one of the most used AM processes for the production of low batch quantity and functional prototypes, due to its safety, efficiency, reliability, low cost, and ability to process manufacturing-grade engineering thermoplastic. Recently, the market is flooded with the availability of low-cost printers produced by numerous companies. This research aims to investigate the effect of different porosity levels on a scaffold structure produced using a low-cost 3D printer. Comparisons of these porous structures were made in terms of Von-Mises strain, total deformation, as well as compressive stress. Various porosity levels were created by varying printing parameters, including layer height, infill density, and shell thickness by slicing the initial solid CAD file using Repetier Host 3D printing software. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulation was then performed on the created scaffold structures by using Ansys Workbench 19.2. The simulation result indicates that the greater porosity level will result in higher total deformation of the structure. Meanwhile, the compression test shows that the minimum strength value obtained was favourable at 22 MPa and had exceeded that of the trabecular femur (15 MPa). However, its porosity level (maximum at 52%) was still below that of the minimum threshold of porosity level of 70 percent. However, the printing parameters currently used can be adjusted in the future. Therefore, it was deduced that the low-cost 3D printer offers promising potential to fabricate different porosity structures with multiple outcomes.

scholarly journals Characterization of Electrical Heating Textile Coated by Graphene Nanoplatelets/PVDF-HFP Composite with Various High Graphene Nanoplatelet Contents

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyelim Kim ◽  
Sunhee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Resistance ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Electrical Heating ◽  
Coated Sample ◽  
Graphene Nanoplatelet ◽  
Pattern Type ◽  
Heating Performance ◽  
Composite Solution ◽  
Coated Cotton ◽  
Conductive Yarn

We prepared a horseshoe-pattern type electrical heating textile that was coated with high graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) content (32 wt% to 64 wt%) of graphene nanoplatelet/poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) composite. Silver-coated conductive yarn is used as electrode in the sample to improve its flexibility and applicability as wearable textile. These graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP coated samples with various high-contents of graphene were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), sheet resistance analysis, and electrical heating performance analysis. Graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP coated cotton fabric improved the crystallinity and thermal stability with increasing thw high-content of GNP. With an increasing of the high-content of graphene nanoplatelet in the PVDF-HFP composite solution, the sheet resistance of samples tended to gradually decrease. That of, 64 wt% graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP composite coated sample (64 GR/cotton) was 44 Ω/sq. The electrical heating performance of graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP composite coated cotton fabric was improved with increasing the high-content of graphene nanoplatelet. When 5 V was applied to 64 GR/cotton, its surface temperature has been indicated to be about 48 °C and it could be used at a low voltage (<10 V). Thus, a horseshoe-pattern type electrical heating textile that is coated by high content of graphene nanoplatelet/PVDF-HFP composite solution sewn with silver-coated conductive yarn is expected to be applied to glove, shoes, jacket, and so on to improve its wearability and applicability.

FDM 3D Printing Technology in Manufacturing Composite Elements

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1415-1418 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Dudek
Keyword(s):  
Composite Materials ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Manufacturing Systems ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Material Deposition ◽  
Feedstock Production ◽  
And Robotics

Abstract In recent years, FDM technology (Fused Deposition Modelling) has become one of the most widely-used rapid prototyping methods for various applications. This method is based on fused fibre material deposition on a drop-down platform, which offers the opportunity to design and introduce new materials, including composites. The material most commonly used in FDM is ABS, followed by PC, PLA, PPSF, ULTEM9085 and mixtures thereof. Recently, work has been done on the possibility of applying ABS blends: steel powders, aluminium, or even wood ash. Unfortunately, most modern commercial systems are closed, preventing the use of any materials other than those of the manufacturer. For this reason, the Department of Manufacturing Systems (KSW) of AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering And Robotics purchased a 3D printer with feeding material from trays reel, which allows for the use of other materials. In addition, a feedstock production system for the 3D printer has been developed and work has started on the creation of new composite materials utilising ceramics.

scholarly journals Simulation of Printer Nozzle for 3D Printing TNT/HMX Based Melt-Cast Explosive

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huzeng Zong ◽  
Qilun Cong ◽  
Tengyue Zhang ◽  
Yanjun Hao ◽  
Lei Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Energetic Material ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Fused Deposition Modelling ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
Flow State ◽  
Fused Deposition ◽  
Fluent Software ◽  
Velocity Pressure

Abstract Fused deposition modelling (FDM) has been one of the most widely used rapid prototyping (RP) technologies, which has been attracted increasing attentions in the world. However, existing literatures about energetic material flow inside the 3D printer nozzle are sparse. For plunger 3D printer, we summarized the experimental and related literatures, finding that viscosity, temperature, outlet velocity, pressure, and nozzle diameter are the main factors to affect the flow state in the nozzle. Based on the actual printer nozzle structure, in this paper, a finite element model was established by SOLIDWORKS software firstly, meanwhile, the flow channel model of the nozzle was extracted and simplified. Secondly, the factors influencing the printing results were researched and analysed. In the end, numerical simulation on velocity field and temperature field was carried out by FLUENT software. Moreover, the printing test of HMX/TNT was also carried out by using EAM-D-1 3D printer. The printed sample shows that 3D printing is more satisfactory than conventional melt-casting ways to prepare high viscocity and unconventional structure explosives

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