scholarly journals Articular and Artificial Cartilage, Characteristics, Properties and Testing Approaches—A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2000
Author(s):  
Mohammad Mostakhdemin ◽  
Ashveen Nand ◽  
Maziar Ramezani
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Artificial Cartilage ◽  
Artificial Tissue ◽  
Design And Manufacture ◽  
Design And Testing

The design and manufacture of artificial tissue for knee joints have been highlighted recently among researchers which necessitates an apt approach for its assessment. Even though most re-searches have focused on specific mechanical or tribological tests, other aspects have remained underexplored. In this review, elemental keys for design and testing artificial cartilage are dis-cussed and advanced methods addressed. Articular cartilage structure, its compositions in load-bearing and tribological properties of hydrogels, mechanical properties, test approaches and wear mechanisms are discussed. Bilayer hydrogels as a niche in tissue artificialization are presented, and recent gaps are assessed.

scholarly journals Converting Muscle-mimetic Biomaterials to Cartilage-like Materials

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linglan Fu ◽  
Lan Li ◽  
Bin Xue ◽  
Jing Jin ◽  
Yi Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Protein Unfolding ◽  
Protein Chain ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Chain Entanglement ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Protein Mechanics ◽  
High Elasticity ◽  
Soft Actuators

Load-bearing tissues, such as muscle and cartilage, exhibit mechanical properties that often combine high elasticity, high toughness and fast recovery, despite their different stiffness (~100 kPa for muscles and one to several MPa for cartilage). The advance in protein engineering and protein mechanics has made it possible to engineer protein-based biomaterials to mimic soft load-bearing tissues, such as muscles. However, it is challenging to engineer protein biomaterials to achieve the mechanical properties exhibited by stiff tissues, such as articular cartilage, or to develop stiff synthetic extracellular matrices for cartilage stem/progenitor cell differentiation. By employing physical entanglements of protein chains and force-induced protein unfolding, here we report the engineering of a highly tough and stiff protein hydrogel to mimic articular cartilage. By crosslinking an engineered artificial elastomeric protein from its unfolded state, we introduced chain entanglement into the hydrogel network. Upon renaturation, the entangled protein chain network and forced protein unfolding entailed this single network protein hydrogel with superb mechanical properties in both tensile and compression tests, showing a Youngs modulus of ~0.7 MPa and toughness of 250 kJ/m3 in tensile testing; and ~1.7 MPa in compressive modulus and toughness of 3.2 MJ/m3. The energy dissipation in both tensile and compression tests is reversible and the hydrogel can recovery its mechanical properties rapidly. Moreover, this hydrogel can withstand a compression stress of >60 MPa without failure, amongst the highest compressive strength achieved by a hydrogel. These properties are comparable to those of articular cartilage, making this protein hydrogel a novel cartilage-mimetic biomaterial. Our study opened up a new potential avenue towards engineering protein hydrogel-based substitute for articular cartilage, and may also help develop protein biomaterials with superb mechanical properties for applications in soft actuators and robotics.

scholarly journals Study on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties and the Mechanisms of Cr-Free Ni-Based Self-Lubricating Composites at a Wide Temperature Range

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penglin Zhang ◽  
Gaopan Zhao ◽  
Wenzhen Wang ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Peiying Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Wear Mechanisms ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Fracture Mechanisms ◽  
Powder Metallurgy Method ◽  
Mechanical And Tribological Properties ◽  
Lubricating Film ◽  
Ag Particles ◽  
Self Lubricating Composites

A Cr-free Ni-based self-lubricating composites with MoS2 and Ag as lubricants were fabricated by the powder metallurgy method. The microstructures were examined. The mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of the composites were evaluated from room temperature to 800 °C. The fractography was observed and the fracture mechanisms were analyzed. The morphologies and the phase compositions of worn surfaces were determined and the wear mechanisms were elaborated. The results indicate that MoS2 did not completely decompose after sintering, and the NiMoAl-MoS2-Ag composite has the best tribological properties (0.22, 1.68 × 10−5) at 800 °C. The main wear mechanisms are micro-ploughing and plastic deformation. The improvement of tribological properties was attributed to the formation of the lubricating film consisting of NiO, Mo oxides, various molybdates, and Ag particles. The reactions resulting in these compositions are proposed. The mechanical properties degrade with the rise of temperature and the addition of lubricants. Both NiMoAl and NiMoAlAg alloys exhibit micro-void accumulation fracture while the composites with MoS2 reveal intergranular fracture.

Calcium-Suppressed Technique in Dual-Layer Detector Computed Tomography to Evaluate Knee Articular Cartilage

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinglin Meng ◽  
Mengqi Liu ◽  
Weiwei Deng ◽  
Ke Chen ◽  
Botao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Bone Marrow Edema ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Infrapatellar Fat Pad ◽  
Proton Density ◽  
Knee Cartilage ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Marrow Edema

Background: Calcium-suppressed (CaSupp) technique involving spectral-based images has been used to observe bone marrow edema by removing calcium components from the image. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the knee articular cartilage using the CaSupp technique in dual-layer detector computed tomography (DLCT). Methods: Twenty-eight healthy participants and two patients with osteoarthritis were enrolled, who underwent DLCT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. CaSupp images were reconstructed from spectral-based images using a calcium suppression algorithm and were overlaid conventional CT images for visual evaluation. The morphology of the knee cartilage was evaluated, and the thickness of the articular cartilage was measured on sagittal proton density– weighted and CaSupp images in the patellofemoral compartment. Results: No abnormal signal or density, cartilage defect, and subjacent bone ulceration were observed in the lateral and medial femorotibial compartments and the patellofemoral compartment on MRI images and CaSupp images for the 48 normal knee joints. CaSupp images could clearly identify cartilage thinning, defect, subjacent bone marrow edema, and edema of the infrapatellar fat pad in the same way as MRI images in the three knee joints with osteoarthritis. A significant difference was found in the mean thickness of the patellar cartilage between MRI images and CaSupp images, while the femoral cartilage presented no significant difference in thickness between MRI images and CaSupp images over all 48 knee joints. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that CaSupp images could effectively be used to perform the visual and quantitative assessment of knee cartilage.

scholarly journals Influence of Applied Bias Voltage on the Composition, Structure, and Properties of Ti:Si-Codoped a-C:H Films Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Jiang ◽  
Qiong Wang ◽  
Yubao Wang ◽  
Zhang Xia ◽  
Hua Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Bias Voltage ◽  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Applied Bias ◽  
Applied Bias Voltage ◽  
Methane Mixture ◽  
Composition Structure

The titanium- and silicon-codoped a-C:H films were prepared at different applied bias voltage by magnetron sputtering TiSi target in argon and methane mixture atmosphere. The influence of the applied bias voltage on the composition, surface morphology, structure, and mechanical properties of the films was investigated by XPS, AFM, Raman, FTIR spectroscopy, and nanoindenter. The tribological properties of the films were characterized on an UMT-2MT tribometer. The results demonstrated that the film became smoother and denser with increasing the applied bias voltage up to −200 V, whereas surface roughness increased due to the enhancement of ion bombardment as the applied bias voltage further increased. The sp3carbon fraction in the films monotonously decreased with increasing the applied bias voltage. The film exhibited moderate hardness and the superior tribological properties at the applied bias voltage of −100 V. The tribological behaviors are correlated to the H/E or H3/E2ratio of the films.

Sequential changes in the mechanical properties of viable articular cartilage storedin vitro

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Thomas ◽  
Sergio A. Jimenez ◽  
Carl T. Brighton ◽  
Norman Brown
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Articular Cartilage

Transversely isotropic micromechanics model to determine effect of collagen fibre angle in mechanical properties of articular cartilage

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mohammad Mehdi Elhamian ◽  
M. Alizadeh ◽  
M. Mehrdad Shokrieh ◽  
A. Karimi ◽  
S. Pejman Madani
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Collagen Fibre ◽  
Transversely Isotropic ◽  
Micromechanics Model ◽  
Fibre Angle ◽  
Determine Effect
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