scholarly journals Macromolecular Model of the Pectic Polysaccharides Isolated from the Bark of Norway Spruce (Picea abies)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1106
Author(s):  
Myriam Le Normand ◽  
Barbara Rietzler ◽  
Francisco Vilaplana ◽  
Monica Ek
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Renewable Resource ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Type I ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Spruce Bark

The bark of Norway spruce (Picea abies) contains up to 13% pectins that can be extracted by pressurized hot water, which constitute a valuable renewable resource in second-generation lignocellulosic biorefineries. This article proposes, for the first time, structural molecular models for the pectins present in spruce bark. Pectin fractions of tailored molar masses were obtained by fractionation of the pressurized hot water extract of the inner bark using preparative size-exclusion chromatography. The monosaccharide composition, average molar mass distribution, and the glycosidic linkage patterns were analyzed for each fraction. The pectin fraction with high molecular weight (Mw of 59,000 Da) contained a highly branched RG-I domain, which accounted for 80% of the fraction and was mainly substituted with arabinan and arabinogalactan (type I and II) side chains. On the other hand, the fractions with lower molar masses (Mw = 15,000 and 9000 Da) were enriched with linear homogalacturonan domains, and also branched arabinan populations. The integration of the analytical information from the macromolecular size distributions, domain composition, and branch lengths of each pectin fraction, results in a comprehensive understanding of the macromolecular architecture of the pectins extracted from the bark of Norway spruce. This paves the way for the valorization of spruce bark pectic polymers in targeted applications based on their distinct polymeric structures and properties.

Hot-water extraction and characterization of spruce bark non-cellulosic polysaccharides

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Le Normand ◽  
Ulrica Edlund ◽  
Bjarne Holmbom ◽  
Monica Ek
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
Higher Temperature

Abstract Non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCP) from bark offer large potential as a class of natural raw materials for functional materials development and production of biochemicals. We have elaborated a process for sequential extraction of NCP from industrial Norway spruce bark using an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with water at 100 to 160°C. Carbohydrates, Klason lignin and ash content as well as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analyses were performed for all hot-water extracts. NCP were mainly composed of glucose, arabinose and galacturonic acid units which revealed the presence of starch, arabinose-rich hemicelluloses and pectins. In total, the industrial bark of Norway spruce contained up to 20% of NCP which were extracted with pressurized hot water. NCP were mainly extractable at 140°C and started to undergo degradation at higher temperature.

scholarly journals Hot water extraction of Norway spruce (Picea abies [Karst.]) bark: analyses of the influence of bark aging and process parameters on the extract composition

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 619-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sauro Bianchi ◽  
Gerald Koch ◽  
Ron Janzon ◽  
Ingo Mayer ◽  
Bodo Saake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Temperature Time

Abstract The hot water (HW) extraction of Norway spruce (Picea abies [Karst.]) delivers condensed tannins and considerable amounts of other compounds. Yield and composition of the HW extracts were investigated as a function of natural weathering for up to 15 months. Total phenol monomers and oligomers were detected by Folin-Ciocaltau assay after fractionation by solid phase extraction (SPE). Procyanidins (PC) were determined by HPLC-UV after acid thiolysis and carbohydrates by HPLC combined with acid hydrolysis. Topochemistry of the bark before and after extraction was investigated by UV-microspectrometry (UMSP) and non-extractable PC analyzed by direct thiolysis on the bark. The influence of the parameters on the yield and composition of the extracts were evaluated, such as the extraction temperature, time and the addition of sodium sulfate and urea. Prolonged weathering resulted in a considerable decrease of the total extraction yield, partly because of leaching of phenolic monomers, mono- and oligosaccharides. The yield of phenolic oligomers also decreased at a moderate rate, while the yield of polysaccharides (pectins) was almost stable. Non-extractable and non-leachable compounds deposited in the cell lumens represent the majority of the phenolic extractives in spruce bark. Sequential extractions performed at increasing temperature proved to be a suitable method for the recovery of tannin-rich extracts.

scholarly journals Merocoenoses of cambioxylophagous insect fauna of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) with focus on bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and types of tree damage in different gradation conditions

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 474-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kula ◽  
W. Ząbecki
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Endemic Population

Research on merocoenoses of cambioxylophagous insect fauna of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) was carried out in spruce stands of different age in the area with an endemic population (Moravian-Silesian Beskids, Czech Republic) and in the area with an epidemic population (Beskid Żywiecki, Poland) of the eight-toothed spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.). The structure of merocoenoses was characterized separately for standing trees attacked by bark beetles, trees struck by lightning, trees affected by fungal pathogens and wind-felling and trees in the form of snags and fragments. The occurrence of cambioxylophagous insects, mostly bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), was compared between the study areas with emphasis on dominant facultative primary bark beetles and types of damage to spruce trees.  

scholarly journals Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Ips typographus (L.) on Picea abies [(L.) H. Karst.] and Pinus sylvestris L. in north-eastern Poland

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jankowiak ◽  
Jacek Hilszczański
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
North Eastern

This study dealt with the species distribution and frequency of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the bark beetle Ips typographus on Norway spruce and Scots pine in north-eastern Poland. At all locations high spruce bark beetle damage has occurred in 2002-2003. Fungi were isolated from beetles and from brood systems of trees infested by the spruce bark beetle. The ophiostomatoid fungi were represented by 13 species. A similar spectrum of ophiostomatoid fungi as that recorded from <em>Picea abies</em> was associated with <em>I. typographus</em> on <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> trees. The most frequent ophiostomatoid species isolated from beetles, phloem and sapwood of Norway spruce were <em>O. bicolor</em> and <em>O. penicillatum</em>. The frequency of occurrence of ophiostomatoid fungi varied significantly among the examined locations. <em>O. bicolor</em> was the most frequently found species on Scots pine infested by <em>I. typographus</em>. The potential role of ophiostomatoid fungi in the epidemiology of <em>I. typographus</em> is discussed. Additionally, we also recorded how the ophiostomatoid fungi associated with spruce bark beetle could grow into phloem and sapwood of <em>Pinus sylvestris</em> trees.

scholarly journals Influence of the Tree Decay Duration on Mechanical Stability of Norway Spruce Wood (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 980
Author(s):  
Tomasz Jelonek ◽  
Katarzyna Klimek ◽  
Joanna Kopaczyk ◽  
Marek Wieruszewski ◽  
Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Mature Tree ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Tree Decay

Wood properties have an influence on the safety around the tree itself as well as on actual possibilities of using wood. The article focuses on the wood properties of the Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in reference to the time since the tree has decayed. The study was conducted among mature tree stands of spruce in Białowieża Forest, where over the last 10 years there has been a weakening of spruce tree stands due to water deficiency which has contributed to the gradation of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus). The study focused on spruce wood of living and healthy specimens as well as the wood of standing trees which has decayed between one and five years before the sample was collected. The findings indicate a gradual decrease in wood properties as time passed since the physiological decay of the tree. Significant differences in the decrease of mechanical wood properties have been observed in trees which had been decayed for 3 years and they should be considered life and health hazard for people and animals.

scholarly journals Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides From Bupleurum chinense DC

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X2093165
Author(s):  
Gang Yao ◽  
Jialei Xu ◽  
Xiang Wang ◽  
Jiaojaio Lu ◽  
Mi K. Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharide ◽  
Acidic Polysaccharide ◽  
Rhamnogalacturonan I ◽  
Covalently Linked

Bupleurum chinense DC, a traditional medicinal plant in China that has many pharmacological effects, contains polysaccharide as one of its active components. In this study, we isolated and structurally characterized the polysaccharide from B. chinense. Water-soluble polysaccharides (termed WBCP) were extracted from the plant and fractionated by anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatographies. From this procedure, we obtained a homogeneous acidic polysaccharide (WBCP-A2) and determined its monosaccharide composition. Analysis by FT infrared and 13C NMR spectroscopies, along with enzymatic hydrolysis, indicated that WBCP-A2 is a pectic polysaccharide, composed of rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II, highly methyl-esterified homogalacturonan (HG), and either non- or low methyl-esterified HG domains. These different fractions may be covalently linked through HG segments to form the complex pectin molecules.

scholarly journals Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion of Hydrothermally Pretreated Lignocellulosic Biomass (Norway Spruce (Picea abies))

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Nirmal Ghimire ◽  
Rune Bakke ◽  
Wenche Hennie Bergland
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Methane Yield ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Pretreatment Conditions ◽  
Soluble Lignin ◽  
Different Levels

Hot water extraction (HWE) removes hemicellulose from woody biomass to give improved end products while producing a sugar-rich by-product stream, which requires proper treatment before disposal. Hot water extracted Norway spruce (Picea abies) at two different pretreatment conditions (140 °C for 300 min (H140) and 170 °C for 90 min (H170)) generated hydrolysate as a by-product, which was used in mesophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) as substrate. H140 gave a higher methane yield (210 NmL/g COD—chemical oxygen demand) than H170 (148 NmL/g COD) despite having a lower concentration of sugars, suggesting that different levels of inhibitors (furans and soluble lignin) and recalcitrant compounds (soluble lignin) affected the methane yield significantly. Organic loads (OLs) had a negative effect on the methane yield, as observed during AD of H170, while such an effect was not observed in the case of H140. This suggests that the decrease in methane yield (32%) of H170 compared to H140 is primarily due to inhibitors, while the decrease in methane yield (19%) of H140 compared to the synthetic hydrolysate is primarily due to recalcitrant substances. Therefore, both OL and pretreatment conditions must be considered for efficient anaerobic digestion from hydrolysate for enhanced methane production.

Description of Bursaphelenchus piceae sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae) from larval galleries of the six-toothed spruce bark beetle, Pityogenes chalcographus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), in Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karsten

Nematology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1165-1183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Tomalak ◽  
Jan J. Pomorski
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
New Species ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Malpighian Tubules ◽  
Pityogenes Chalcographus ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

Bursaphelenchus piceae sp. n. is described from the bark of Norway spruce, Picea abies. Adults and propagative juveniles of the nematode are found in larval galleries of the six-toothed spruce bark beetle, Pityogenes chalcographus, while its dauer juveniles aggregate in Malpighian tubules of older larvae, pupae and adult beetles. The new species is characterised by the body length of 719 (530-945) μm in female and 632 (474-808) μm in male, its moderately slender body (a = 41.4 (35.4-50.2) and 42.6 (35.1-47.2) in female and male, respectively), and small spicules (16.0 (14.0-18.3) μm along arc and 13.7 (12.2-15.5) μm along chord). The extended anterior vulval lip in female, lateral fields with four incisures, long post-uterine sac extending for 67-91% of vulva-anus distance, and number (7) and arrangement of male caudal papillae suggest that B. piceae sp. n. is closely related to the xylophilus-group yet it differs by the relatively small, claw-like spicules with no cucullus at the tip. The close relation of B. piceae sp. n. to the xylophilus-group has been confirmed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Morphologically B. piceae sp. n. most closely resembles B. tokyoensis and B. fagi but can be separated from both by the unique shape of the spicules. The taxonomic separation of the new species is also confirmed by the unique molecular profile of the ITS region (ITS-RFLP). The presence of dauer juveniles of B. piceae sp. n. in Malpighian tubules of adult P. chalcographus may lead to extensive damage to this organ as shown by local expansion of the tubule basement membrane and degradation of its cellular epithelium. Detailed phylogenetic analysis revealed that B. piceae sp. n. together with five other bark beetle-associated Bursaphelenchus species, namely B. trypophloei, B. masseyi, B. tiliae, B. tokyoensis and B. fagi, constitutes a small phylogenetic clade that is most closely located to, but separate from, the xylophilus-group.

Extraction and chemical characterization of Norway spruce inner and outer bark

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Krogell ◽  
Bjarne Holmbom ◽  
Andrey Pranovich ◽  
Jarl Hemming ◽  
Stefan Willför
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Pectic Polysaccharides ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Inner Bark ◽  
Chemical Character ◽  
Chemical Utilization

Abstract Possible chemical utilization of bark requires appropriate knowledge of its composition. Extraction of valuable components before burning is an interesting option for utilization of bark. Here, Norway spruce inner and outer bark were extracted separately with a successive series of solvents of increasing polarity and the extracts, as well as the residues, were analyzed to obtain an overall picture of the bark composition. The lipophilic extractives contained the same major components as found in wood. Inner bark contained over 10% of stilbene glucosides with piceatannol (astringenin) as the main stilbene. Tannins of the proanthocyanidin type were extracted with hot water. Further extraction with pressurized hot water at 140°C or 160°C yielded 11-14% of non-cellulosic polysaccharides, on original bark basis, with pectic polysaccharides built up of arabinose, galacturonic acid and rhamnose dominating. Inner bark contained two times more cellulose than outer bark, but the opposite was true for lignin, determined as Klason “lignin”. Among the potentially valuable components, stilbene glucosides could be extracted with water even at low temperatures, while tannins could be extracted with hot water in a second step. The pectic polysaccharides are also of potential interest and should be studied further. The amount and true chemical character of lignin is also not yet fully elucidated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document