scholarly journals Yield and Selectivity Improvement in the Synthesis of Carbonated Linseed Oil by Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 852
Author(s):  
David Alejandro González Martínez ◽  
Enrique Vigueras Santiago ◽  
Susana Hernández López

Carbonation of epoxidized linseed oil (CELO) containing five-membered cyclic carbonate (CC5) groups has been optimized to 95% by reacting epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) with carbon dioxide (CO2) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as catalysts. The effect of reaction variables (temperature, CO2 pressure, and catalyst concentration) on the reaction parameters (conversion, carbonation and selectivity) in an autoclave system was investigated. The reactions were monitored, and the products were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopies. The results showed that when carrying out the reaction at high temperature (from 90 °C to 120 °C) and CO2 pressure (60–120 psi), the reaction’s conversion improves; however, the selectivity of the reaction decreases due to the promotion of side reactions. Regarding the catalyst, increasing the TBAB concentration from 2.0 to 5.0 w/w% favors selectivity. The presence of a secondary mechanism is based on the formation of a carboxylate ion, which was formed due to the interaction of CO2 with the catalyst and was demonstrated through 13C-NMR and FT-IR. The combination of these factors makes it possible to obtain the largest conversion (96%), carbonation (95%), and selectivity (99%) values reported until now, which are obtained at low temperature (90 °C), low pressure (60 psi) and high catalyst concentration (5.0% TBAB).

1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 1474-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Liang ◽  
Mark Roselius ◽  
David W. Johnson

The residual hydrogen content of several perfluoropolyalkylether base fluids has been determined with the use of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies. The analysis of standard samples gives a linear calibration curve for hydrogen concentrations between 0.5 and 500 ppm for both FT-IR and NMR. The two methods have similar detection limits of about 1 ppm. Analysis of identical samples of Krytox 143 AC and Krytox 143 AZ by both methods gives results which are in excellent agreement. The two methods also provide information about the chemical environment in which the hydrogen is located. In both of the Krytox samples, the hydrogen is located in CFH groups within the polymer chain.


2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 905-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Rafi Shaik ◽  
Manawwer Alam ◽  
Naser M. Alandis

Abstract Linseed polyetheramide (LPEtA) resin was synthesized by the condensation polymerization of N-N-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) linseed oil fatty amide (HELA) with pyrogallol. The residual hydroxyl groups of LPEtA resin were further modified with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to obtain linseed poly(urethane-etheramide) (ULPEtA) via addition polymerization. ULPEtA was modified with iron oxide nanoparticles in different weight percent (0.1 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.3 wt% and 0.4 wt%) producing ULPEtA/Fe2O3 nanocomposite. Spectroscopic characterization of HELA, LPEtA and ULPEtA was carried out by using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) techniques. Physicochemical and physico-mechanical properties of LPEtA and ULPEtA were carried out by using standard methods. Thermal stability and anticorrosion performance were assessed by thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) and potentiodynamic polarization. The corrosion behavior of ULPEtA/Fe2O3 nanocomposite coatings on mild steel was investigated in different corrosive environments (3.5 wt% HCl, 5.0 wt% NaCl, 3.5 wt% NaOH, and tap water) at room temperature. Surface morphology study was performed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Coating properties such as gloss, scratch hardness, flexibility and impact resistance were evaluated using standard methods. The results of this study showed that ULPEtA/Fe2O3 nanocomposite coatings exhibit good physico-mechanical, anticorrosive properties and can be safely used up to 220°C.


2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 694-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejin Tong ◽  
Haipeng Wang ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Zhanxiong Li

Linear carborane-carbosilane-phenylacetylene polymers have been synthesized as precursors for ceramic and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR). Novel linear polymers have the advantage of being extremely easy to process and convert into ceramics, since they are either viscous liquids or low melting solids at room temperature and are soluble in most organic solvents. Ceramic conversion reaction of the polymers was studied, and the conversion mechanism using thermogravimetric analyzer, FT-IR, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was proposed. During the early heating period in the mechanism, the precursor polymer is cured and oligomer is formed. Then the degradation of oligomer takes place at higher temperatures with the weak bond cleaved and cross-linked simultaneously. Ceramic yield of the polymer after heating up to 1000°C in nitrogen (N2) was 77.6%. The derived ceramics exhibit excellent thermal and thermo-oxidative stability, whose 5% mass loss temperature was identified to be 650°C in N2 and 665°C in air, respectively. Boron appears to be the key element to achieve the outstanding thermo-oxidative stability. The relevant kinetic data were obtained by two kinds of model-free-kinetic algorithms, differential Friedman and integral Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose. These two methods were combined to give the energy profile, which has been identified to be a function of the transformation degree ( α), since the energy demand at each degradation stage is different depending on α.


Molbank ◽  
10.3390/m1192 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. M1192
Author(s):  
Reshma Sathyanarayana ◽  
Boja Poojary

Ethyl 4-(butylamino)-3-nitrobenzoate upon “one-pot” nitro-reductive cyclization using sodium dithionite and substituted aldehyde in dimethyl sulphoxide affords ethyl 1-butyl-2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxylate in an 87% yield. The structural characterization was determined by Fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) , Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR), mass spectrometry, Ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis), photoluminescence (PL), thin-film solid emission spectra, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis. Molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) was studied to determine the reactive sites of the molecule.


2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Ahmadi Sabegh ◽  
Jabbar Khalafy

AbstractThe oxidation of 1,4-diacetylbenzene using several oxidizing agents gave 1,4-phenylene-bis-glyoxal in 61–85% yields. A convenient and efficient synthesis of bis-quinoxaline and bis-pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazine derivatives involves the double condensation of 1,2-diamines with 1,4-phenylene-bis-glyoxal in ethanol under reflux conditions. The structures of the new products were defined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and mass spectrometry (MS).


2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Al-Lami ◽  
Baqer Al-Mayahi ◽  
Athir Haddad

Abstract. The synthesis of a family of polymer stars with six arms of varied poly (L-lactide), PLLA, chain length were prepared to have four various L-lactide monomer repeated units (x=10, 25, 50, and 100) of L-lactide with Dipentaerythritol (DPE) cores support six PLLA arms using 1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU) as an organocatalyst in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP), which afford systematic control the ROP to synthesize polymer stars of variable molecular weight at room temperature. The proposed polymerization mechanism was driven by hydrogen bonding interaction. This is following the fact that DBU does not cause extensive transesterification of PLLA on the time scale of lactide ROP. The well-defined six-armed stars (PLLA) with a DPE core has been proven by FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), 1H-NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), 13C-NMR (Carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), and GPC (Gel Permeation Chromatography). The analysis of these six-arm polymers confirmed the expected structure of the obtained star-shaped polymers. The molecular weights of D-PLLAx star polymers linearly increased with the molar ratio of monomer to the initiator, and the molecular weight distribution was narrow (Mw/Mn = 1.09-1.13). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the shape and size of the prepared stars D-PLLAx polymeric nanoparticles may form. The micrographs revealed that the nanoparticles with nearly spherical shapes and with different sizes were gained, but in general, they are less than 100nm in diameters as they developed by the Image-J program which may have a great impact on star properties, The simplicity of the reaction conditions, the ready availability of the catalyst, and the exquisite control over the polymerization are demonstrated.   Resumen. Se reporta la síntesis de una familia de polímeros tipo estrella, los cuales contienen una estructura de seis brazos de unidades de poli (L-lactida), PLLA, de longitud de cadena variada. Los polímeros contienen cuatro diferentes tamaños de unidades repetitivas de monómero de L-lactida (x = 10, 25, 50 y 100), con una coraza de dipentaeritritol (DPE), lo cual implica la formación de un polímero de PLLA conteniendo seis brazos. Se utiliza 1,8-diazabiciclo [5.4.0] undec-7-eno (DBU) como organocatalizador en la polimerización por apertura de anillo (ROP), lo que permite un control sistemático en la polimerización que permite sintetizar polímeros estrellas de peso molecular variable a temperatura ambiente. El mecanismo de polimerización propuesto implica la aceleración de la reacción debido a la formación de enlaces de hidrógeno. Otra ventaja es que el uso de DBU no da lugar a un proceso de transesterificación extenso del PLLA en la escala de tiempo en que ocurre la apertura del anillo de lactida. Los polímeros estrella de seis brazos de PLLA con un núcleo DPE se caracterizaron por FTIR (Espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier), 1H-NMR (Espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear de protones), 13C-NMR (Espectroscopía de resonancia magnética nuclear de carbono), y GPC (cromatografía de permeación en gel). Mediante estas técnicas se corrobora la obtención de polímeros de seis brazos que tienen una estructura en forma de estrella. Los pesos moleculares de los polímeros estrella D-PLLAx aumentaron linealmente con la relación molar de monómero a iniciador, con una distribución de pesos moleculares estrecha (Mw / Mn = 1,09-1,13). El microscopio electrónico de barrido (SEM) se utilizó para examinar la forma y el tamaño de las nanopartículas polímericas de D-PLLAx tipo estrella preparados. Las micrografías revelaron que se obtienen nanopartículas con formas casi esféricas y con diferentes tamaños, pero en general, con menos de 100 nm de diámetro, tal y como se deduce del análisis hecho por el programa Image-J, lo que se espera tenga un impacto importante en las propiedades de los polímeros estrella. Este artículo implica la aplicación de un método simple, el uso de un catalizador facilmente disponible y el adecuado control sobre la reacción de la polimerización.


Author(s):  
Oluwaseyi Bukky Ovonramwen ◽  
Bodunde Joseph Owolabi ◽  
Amowie Philip Oviawe

Aim: The study aims to synthesize, characterize, and screen (2Z)-4,6-diphenyl-N-((2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl]-2H-1,3-thiazin-2-imino hydrochloride for microbial activities. Methodology: A (2Z)-4,6-diphenyl-N-((2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl]-2H-1,3-thiazin-2-imino hydrochloride was synthesized via two-steps reaction from chalcone using acetophenone and benzaldehyde, further cyclized with thiourea and later N-alkylated with 1-(2-chloroethyl)piperidine hydrochloride, its purity was tested by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) and screened against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans using the standard microbiological method. Results: A golden yellow needle-like crystals (2Z)-4,6-diphenyl-N-((2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl]-2H-1,3-thiazin-2-imininium hydrochloride with Rf, 7 EtOAc: 3 Pet (0.75) and MP, 285-287oC was synthesized and the in vitro antimicrobial study of the compound exhibited moderate activities in comparison with standard ciprofloxacin and itraconazole. Conclusion: A new (2Z)-4,6-Diphenyl-N-((2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl]-2H-1,3-thiazin-2-imininium hydrochloride was synthesized using Claisen-Schmidt condensation, Michael addition and N-alkylation shows moderate antimicrobial activities against E. coli, B. subtilis, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and C. albicans.


Molbank ◽  
10.3390/m1213 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. M1213
Author(s):  
Paolo Coghi ◽  
Jerome P. L. Ng ◽  
Ali Adnan Nasim ◽  
Vincent Kam Wai Wong

The 1,2,3-triazole is a well-known biologically active pharmacophore constructed by the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition. We herein reported the synthesis of 4-amino-7-chloro-based [1,2,3]-triazole hybrids via Cu(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 4-azido-7-chloroquinoline with an alkyne derivative of acetaminophen. The compound was fully characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR), heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC), ultraviolet (UV) and high-resolution mass spectroscopies (HRMS). This compound was screened in vitro with different normal and cancer cell lines. The drug likeness of the compound was also investigated by predicting its pharmacokinetic properties.


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