scholarly journals Fused Filament Fabrication-4D-Printed Shape Memory Polymers: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
Sara Valvez ◽  
Paulo N. B. Reis ◽  
Luca Susmel ◽  
Filippo Berto
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Shape Memory Polymers ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
External Stimuli

Additive manufacturing (AM) is the process through which components/structures are produced layer-by-layer. In this context, 4D printing combines 3D printing with time so that this combination results in additively manufactured components that respond to external stimuli and, consequently, change their shape/volume or modify their mechanical properties. Therefore, 4D printing uses shape-memory materials that react to external stimuli such as pH, humidity, and temperature. Among the possible materials with shape memory effect (SME), the most suitable for additive manufacturing are shape memory polymers (SMPs). However, due to their weaknesses, shape memory polymer compounds (SMPCs) prove to be an effective alternative. On the other hand, out of all the additive manufacturing techniques, the most widely used is fused filament fabrication (FFF). In this context, the present paper aims to critically review all studies related to the mechanical properties of 4D-FFF materials. The paper provides an update state of the art showing the potential of 4D-FFF printing for different engineering applications, maintaining the focus on the structural integrity of the final structure/component.

scholarly journals AM-FFF of Objects Using Commercial PLA Based Shape Memory Polymer Printed by an Open-Source 3D Printer

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
N. Dresler ◽  
A. Ulanov ◽  
M. Aviv ◽  
D. Ashkenazi ◽  
A. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
3D Printer ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Memory Cycle

The 4D additive manufacturing processes are considered today as the "next big thing" in R&D. The aim of this research is to provide two examples of commercial PLA based shape memory polymer (SMP) objects printed on an open-source 3D printer in order to proof the feasibility of such novel 4D printing process. To that purpose, a PLA based filament of eSUN (4D filament e4D-1white, SMP) was chosen, and two applications, a spring and a vase, were designed by 3D-printing with additive manufacturing (AM) fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique. The 4D-printed objects were successfully produced, the shape memory effect and their functionality were demonstrated by achieving the shape-memory cycle of programming, storage and recovery.

Additive manufacturing of shape memory polymers: effects of print orientation and infill percentage on mechanical properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Villacres ◽  
David Nobes ◽  
Cagri Ayranci
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Fused Deposition Modeling ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Material Extrusion ◽  
Fused Deposition

Purpose Material extrusion additive manufacturing, also known as fused deposition modeling, is a manufacturing technique in which objects are built by depositing molten materials layer-by-layer through a nozzle. The use and application of this technique has risen dramatically over the past decade. This paper aims to first, report on the production and characterization of a shape memory polymer material filament that was manufactured to print shape memory polymer objects using material extrusion additive manufacturing. Additionally, it aims to investigate and outline the effects of major printing parameters, such as print orientation and infill percentage, on the elastic and mechanical properties of printed shape memory polymer samples. Design/methodology/approach Infill percentage was tested at three levels, 50, 75 and 100 per cent, while print orientation was tested at four different angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of the specimens at 0°, 30°, 60° and 90°. The properties examined were elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength and maximum strain. Findings Results showed that print angle and infill percentage do have a significant impact on the manufactured test samples. Originality/value Findings can significantly influence the tailored design and manufacturing of smart structures using shape memory polymer and material extrusion additive manufacturing.

scholarly journals Design of Shape Memory Thermoplastic Material Systems for FDM-Type Additive Manufacturing

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4254
Author(s):  
Paulina A. Quiñonez ◽  
Leticia Ugarte-Sanchez ◽  
Diego Bermudez ◽  
Paulina Chinolla ◽  
Rhyan Dueck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Thermomechanical Processing ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Materials Development ◽  
Thermoplastic Material ◽  
Polymer Systems ◽  
Injection Molded

The work presented here describes a paradigm for the design of materials for additive manufacturing platforms based on taking advantage of unique physical properties imparted upon the material by the fabrication process. We sought to further investigate past work with binary shape memory polymer blends, which indicated that phase texturization caused by the fused filament fabrication (FFF) process enhanced shape memory properties. In this work, two multi-constituent shape memory polymer systems were developed where the miscibility parameter was the guide in material selection. A comparison with injection molded specimens was also carried out to further investigate the ability of the FFF process to enable enhanced shape memory characteristics as compared to other manufacturing methods. It was found that blend combinations with more closely matching miscibility parameters were more apt at yielding reliable shape memory polymer systems. However, when miscibility parameters differed, a pathway towards the creation of shape memory polymer systems capable of maintaining more than one temporary shape at a time was potentially realized. Additional aspects related to impact modifying of rigid thermoplastics as well as thermomechanical processing on induced crystallinity are also explored. Overall, this work serves as another example in the advancement of additive manufacturing via materials development.

scholarly journals Structural multi-colour invisible inks with submicron 4D printing of shape memory polymers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Zhang ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Hongtao Wang ◽  
John You En Chan ◽  
Hailong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory ◽  
Information Hiding ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Shape Memory Polymers ◽  
Photonic Devices ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Shape Memory Effects ◽  
Nanoscale Structure

AbstractFour-dimensional (4D) printing of shape memory polymer (SMP) imparts time responsive properties to 3D structures. Here, we explore 4D printing of a SMP in the submicron length scale, extending its applications to nanophononics. We report a new SMP photoresist based on Vero Clear achieving print features at a resolution of ~300 nm half pitch using two-photon polymerization lithography (TPL). Prints consisting of grids with size-tunable multi-colours enabled the study of shape memory effects to achieve large visual shifts through nanoscale structure deformation. As the nanostructures are flattened, the colours and printed information become invisible. Remarkably, the shape memory effect recovers the original surface morphology of the nanostructures along with its structural colour within seconds of heating above its glass transition temperature. The high-resolution printing and excellent reversibility in both microtopography and optical properties promises a platform for temperature-sensitive labels, information hiding for anti-counterfeiting, and tunable photonic devices.

scholarly journals In Search of the Optimal Conditions to Process Shape Memory Alloys (NiTi) Using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 4718
Author(s):  
Pedro Carreira ◽  
Fábio Cerejo ◽  
Nuno Alves ◽  
Maria Teresa Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Shape Memory Alloys ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Near Net Shape ◽  
Niti Shape Memory Alloys

This research was performed so as to investigate the additive manufacturing of NiTi shape memory alloys, which is associated with direct processes, such as selective laser melting. In addition to its expensive production costs, NiTi readily undergoes chemical and phase modifications, mainly as a result of Ni loss during processing as a result of high temperatures. This research explores the potential usefulness of NiTi as well as its limitations using indirect additive processes, such as fused filament fabrication (FFF). The first step was to evaluate the NiTi critical powder volume content (CPVC) needed to process high-quality filaments (via extrusion). A typical 3D printer can build a selected part/system/device layer-by-layer from the filaments, followed by debinding and sintering (SDS), in order to generate a near-net-shape object. The mixing, extruding (filament), printing (shaping), debinding, and sintering steps were extensively studied in order to optimize their parameters. Moreover, for the sintering step, two main targets should be met, namely: the reduction of contamination during the process in order to avoid the formation of secondary phases, and the decrease in sintering temperature, which also contributes to reducing the production costs. This study aims to demonstrate the possibility of using FFF as an additive manufacturing technology for processing NiTi.

Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of ABS From Hybrid Additive Manufacturing by Fused Filament Fabrication and Shot Peening

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haitham Hadidi ◽  
Brady Mailand ◽  
Tayler Sundermann ◽  
Ethan Johnson ◽  
Rakeshkumar Karunakaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Shot Peening ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Dynamic Mechanical

Abstract The mechanical properties of 3D printed polymers parts are process parameter dependent. Defects such as inadvertent voids between deposited rasters and layers lead to weakness in produced parts, which results in inferior mechanical properties as compared to injection molding. An alternative method to change energy absorption and stiffness of a polymer is hybrid additive manufacturing (AM). Hybrid-AM is the use of additive manufacturing with one or more secondary processes that are fully coupled and synergistically affect part quality, functionality, and/or process performance. In this study, fused filament fabrication (FFF) was coupled with layer-by-layer shot peening to study the dynamic mechanical properties of ABS 430 polymer using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). FFF is a heated extrusion process. Shot peening is a mechanical surface treatment that impinges a target with a stochastically dispersed, high velocity stream of beads. Compressive residual stress was imparted to preferential layer intervals during printing to modify the elasticity (stiffness), viscosity, toughness, and glass transition temperature. Viscoelastic and dynamic mechanical properties are important to the performance of polymers in automotive, aerospace, electronics, and medical components. Coupling printing and peening increased the storage and loss moduli as well as the tangent delta. DMA results suggest that preferential layer sequences exist that possess higher elasticity and better absorb energy upon sinusoidal dynamic loading.

Effect of Sidegroup on Mechanical Properties of Acrylate Networks for Biomedical Applications

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Safranski ◽  
Ken Gall
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Shape Memory Polymers ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Know How ◽  
Structure Property Relationships ◽  
Chain Stiffness ◽  
Recovery Strain

The purpose of this study was to understand how the side group dictates thermo-mechanical properties of shape-memory acrylate networks, specifically strain to failure and toughness. A useful parameter in assessing shape memory polymers is the strain to failure because it is critical to know how much recovery strain the material can experience. To understand how the structure is related to mechanical properties, such as strain to failure, materials of differing chain stiffness ratio, C∞, were compared at varying percentages of crosslinker. While the chemical and thermal properties of acrylate networks have been discussed in much detail, methods of toughening networks by the precise choice of certain acrylates have not been thoroughly examined. In order for these networks to be of practical use as biomedical devices, such as minimally invasive shape memory polymer stents, detailed structure-property relationships must be established.

scholarly journals Additive Manufacturing of Information Carriers Based on Shape Memory Polyester Urethane

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip Chalissery ◽  
Thorsten Pretsch ◽  
Sarah Staub ◽  
Heiko Andrä
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Shape Memory Polymers ◽  
Qr Code ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Fused Filament Fabrication ◽  
Responsive Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Polyester Urethane ◽  
Machine Readable

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are stimuli-responsive materials, which are able to retain an imposed, temporary shape and recover the initial, permanent shape through an external stimulus like heat. In this work, a novel manufacturing method is introduced for thermoresponsive quick response (QR) code carriers, which originally were developed as anticounterfeiting technology. Motivated by the fact that earlier manufacturing processes were sometimes too time-consuming for production, filaments of a polyester urethane (PEU) with and without dye were extruded and processed into QR code carriers using fused filament fabrication (FFF). Once programmed, the distinct shape memory properties enabled a heating-initiated switching from non-decodable to machine-readable QR codes. The results demonstrate that FFF constitutes a promising additive manufacturing technology to create complex, filigree structures with adjustable horizontal and vertical print resolution and, thus, an excellent basis to realize further technically demanding application concepts for shape memory polymers.

scholarly journals Lightweight Microlattice With Tunable Mechanical Properties Using 3D Printed Shape Memory Polymer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yang ◽  
Manish Boorugu ◽  
Andrew Dopp ◽  
Howon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Temperature Shift ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Mechanical Metamaterials ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Varying Environments

Metamaterials are architected artificial materials engineered to exhibit properties not typically found in natural materials. Increasing attention has recently been given to mechanical metamaterials with unprecedented mechanical properties including high stiffness, strength, or/and resilience even at extremely low density. These unusual mechanical performances emerge from the three-dimensional (3D) spatial arrangement of the micro-structural elements designed to effectively distribute mechanical loads. Recent advances in additive manufacturing in micro-/nano-scale have catalyzed the growing interest in this field. This work presents a new lightweight microlattice with tunable and recoverable mechanical properties using a three-dimensionally architected shape memory polymer (SMP). SMP microlattices were fabricated utilizing our micro additive manufacturing technique called projection micro-stereolithography (PμSL), which uses a digital micro-mirror device (DMD™) as a dynamically reconfigurable photomask. We use a photo-crosslinkable and temperature-responsive SMP which can retain its large deformation until heated for spontaneous shape recovery. In addition, it exhibits remarkable elastic modulus changes during this transition. We demonstrate that mechanical responses of the micro 3D printed SMP microlattice can be reversibly tuned by temperature control. Mechanical testing result showed that stiffness of a SMP microlattice changed by two orders of magnitude by a moderate temperature shift by 60°C. Furthermore, the shape memory effect of the SMP allows for full restitution of the original shape of the microlattice upon heating even after substantial mechanical deformation. Mechanical metamaterials with lightweight, reversibly tunable properties, and shape recoverability can potentially lead to new smart structural systems that can effectively react and adapt to varying environments or unpredicted loads.

4D Printed Shape Memory Polymer Composite Structures for Deployable Small Spacecrafts

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhubhashitha Herath ◽  
Mainul Islam ◽  
Jayantha Epaarachchi ◽  
Fenghua Zhang ◽  
Jinsong Leng
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Shape Recovery ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Shape Memory Polymer ◽  
Photothermal Effect ◽  
4D Printing ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Stimulus Shape

Abstract Four dimensional (4D) printing is the convergence of three dimensional (3D) printing, which is an emerging additive manufacturing technology for smart materials. 4D printing is referred to the capability of changing the shape, property, or functionality of a 3D printed structure under a particular external stimulus. This paper presents the structural performance, shape memory behavior and photothermal effect of 4D printed pristine shape memory polymer (SMP) and it’s composite (SMPC) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Both materials have demonstrated the ability to retain a temporary shape and then recover their original. It is revealed that the incorporation of MWCNTs into the SMP matrix has enhanced the light stimulus shape recovery capabilities. Light stimulus shape transformation of 4D printed SMPC is advantageous for space engineering applications as light can be focused onto a particular area at a long distance. Subsequently, a model 4D printed deployable boom, which is applicable for small spacecrafts is presented. The shape fixity and recovery behaviors of the proposed boom have been investigated. Notably, the model boom structure has demonstrated ∼86 % shape recovery ratio. The proposed innovative approach of additive manufacturing based deployable composite structures will shape up the future space technologies.

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