scholarly journals Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain as a Potential Replacement of Wood in pMDI, UF or MUF Bonded Particleboard

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Marius Cătălin Barbu ◽  
Zeno Montecuccoli ◽  
Jakob Förg ◽  
Ulrike Barbeck ◽  
Petr Klímek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Bond ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Brewer’S Spent Grain ◽  
Beer Brewing ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Spent Grain

Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the richest by-product (85%) of the beer-brewing industry, that can be upcycled in a plentiful of applications, from animal feed, bioethanol production or for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. The aim of this research is to investigate the mechanical, physical and structural properties of particleboard manufactured with a mixture of wood particles and BSG gradually added/replacement in 10%, 30% and 50%, glued with polymeric diisocyanate (pMDI), urea-formaldehyde (UF) and melamine urea-formaldehyde (MUF) adhesives. The density, internal bond, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, screw withdrawal resistance, thickness swelling and water absorption were tested. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy anaylsis was carried out to analyze the structure of the panels after the internal bond test. Overall, it was shown that the adding of BSG decreases the mechanical performance of particleboard, due to reduction of the bonding between wood and BSG particles. This decrease has been associated with the structural differences proven by SEM inspection. Interaction of particles with the adhesive is different for boards containing BSG compared to those made from wood. Nevertheless, decrease in the mechanical properties was not critical for particleboards produced with 10% BSG which could be potentially classified as a P2 type, this means application in non-load-bearing panel for interior use in dry conditions, with high dimensional stability and stiffness.

scholarly journals Development of New Chip Products from Brewer’s Spent Grain

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Reann Garrett ◽  
Danielle Bellmer ◽  
William McGlynn ◽  
Patricia Rayas-Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Processing Waste ◽  
Brewing Industry ◽  
Consumer Responses ◽  
Brewer’S Spent Grain ◽  
Spent Grain

Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is a processing waste generated in large quantities by the brewing industry. It is estimated that over 38 million tons of BSG is produced worldwide each year and is usually used as animal feed, composted, or thrown into landfills. BSG contains valuable nutritional components, including protein, fiber, and antioxidants. Due to its brittle texture, strong nutty flavors, and dark color profiles, BSG has seen limited use in food products for human consumption. The objective of this study was to develop a palatable chip product that maximized the level of inclusion of BSG. Chips were produced that contained BSG levels ranging from 8% to 40%, and the physical and sensory properties of the chips were evaluated. Spent grain samples were provided by Iron Monk in Stillwater and were dried at a low temperature and milled into flour for use in the chip formulation. BSG chips were evaluated for water activity, color, and texture (fracture force). An informal sensory evaluation was conducted to evaluate flavor, texture, and probability of purchase using a 5-point hedonic rating scale. Results showed that there were no significant differences in the texture of the chips containing different levels of BSG. The color measurements showed no significant differences between L ∗ and a ∗ values for the chips containing different inclusion levels of BSG, but there were some differences in the b ∗ values. Results from the sensory evaluation showed that consumers preferred the texture of chips with 40% BSG over chips with 8% BSG, and they were also more likely to purchase the 40% BSG chips. There were no significant differences in flavor among the chips containing different inclusion levels of BSG. These results suggest that, for a chip-type product, BSG inclusion levels up to 40% are possible with positive consumer responses. Development of an alternative value-added product represents an opportunity for breweries nationwide to turn a processing waste into a future asset.

scholarly journals Properties evaluation by thickness and type of oriented strand boards manufactured in continuous press line

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5829-5842
Author(s):  
Octavia Zeleniuc ◽  
Adela-Eliza Dumitrascu ◽  
Valentina Doina Ciobanu
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Internal Bond ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Thickness Swelling

Oriented strand boards (OSB) are widely used in construction replacing plywood. There are four types of boards (OSB/1, OSB/2, OSB/3, OSB/4) carried out depending on the conditions of uses. The present research aimed to evaluate the physical and mechanical performance of these types of boards, with 10 mm, 11 mm, 18 mm and 22 mm thicknesses. The boards were industrially manufactured using the continue press line. The results showed that the compression grade increased with decreasing of the wood strands densities, from 1.3 (OSB/1) to 1.1 (OSB/3). Thickness swelling values were lower for OSB/3 and OSB/2 with 35% and 14%, when compared to OSB/1. For these boards a slight increase in adhesive content and a lower speed of pressing line was set considering that they are designated for the exterior use. An increase in density with about 7.6% led to an increase with about 19% of modulus of rupture (MOR), when compare OSB 10 mm with OSB 22 mm. Improvements with 27% to 22% MOR and 13% to 10% modulus of elasticity (MOE) in case of OSB/3 and OSB/2 compared to OSB/1 were found. Internal bond (IB) values were with about 32% higher for OSB/3 than those reached by OSB/1 and the thinner boards registered 25% higher IB values even after boiling test, compared to the thicker ones.

scholarly journals SIFAT PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI SERAT TANDAN KOSONG SAWIT DAN SERBUK KAYU DENGAN PEREKAT UREA FORMALDEHIDA (The Properties of Particle Board from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Fiber Sawdust with Urea Formaldehyde Resin)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Djoko Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Internal Bond ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Internal Bond Strength ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Particle Board ◽  
Palm Fiber ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Screw Withdrawal

A palm oil mill with a capacity of hundred thousand tons of fresh fruit bunches per year will produce palm fiber waste about 12,000 tons. Recently, the use of palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fiber is as fuel for electricity generation in the industry. Palm fiber waste contains lignocellulose materials as a feedstock to particle board manufacture. The aim of this research is to evaluate the properties of particle board from a mixture of OPEFB fiber and sawdust. The ratio of OPEFB fiber and sawdust are 100% : 0%; 75% : 25%; 50% : 50%; 25% : 75% and 0% : 100%, plus urea formaldehyde adhesive in a concentration of 11%. The boards were pressed using a clamp pressure of 16 kg/cm2 for 15 minutes at a temperature of 110 – 120 0C. The testing methods and standards of physical properties (moisture contents, thickness swelling, density) and mechanical (modulus of elasticity/MOE, modulus of rupture/MOR, screw withdrawal and internal bond strengths) refers to the SNI. 03 – 2105 - 2006. The results showed that the particle board made from 100% OPEFB fiber produces modulus of elasticity/MOE 1594.88 kg/cm2; modulus of rupture/MOR 18.08 kg/cm2; screw withdrawal 31.34 kg/cm2 and internal bond strength 0.86 kg/cm2. The addition of sawdust for 50% can improve modulus of elasticity/MOE, modulus of rupture/MOR and internal bond strength.

scholarly journals Larch Bark as a Formaldehyde Scavenger in Thermal Insulation Panels

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Cătălin Barbu ◽  
Yasmin Lohninger ◽  
Simon Hofmann ◽  
Günther Kain ◽  
Alexander Petutschnigg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Internal Bond ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Formaldehyde Content ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties

The aim of this study is to investigate the formaldehyde content and emissions of bark-based insulation panels bonded with three types of adhesives: urea formaldehyde, melamine urea-formaldehyde, and tannin-based adhesives. These panels were produced at two levels of density—300 and 500 kg/m3—and a thickness of 20 mm, and the influence of the adhesive amount and type on the formaldehyde emissions and content was measured. Other mechanical and physical properties such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond, and dimensional stability were also scrutinized. With one exception, all the panels belonged to the super E0 classification for free formaldehyde content (perforator value ≤1.5 mg/100 g oven dry mass of panels). The measurements using the desiccator method for formaldehyde emissions assigned all the testing specimens in the F **** category for low-emission panels according to the Japanese International Standards.

scholarly journals Effect of Embedment of MWCNTs for Enhancement of Physical and Mechanical Performance of Medium Density Fiberboard

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Waheed Gul ◽  
Hussein Alrobei ◽  
Syed Riaz Akbar Shah ◽  
Afzal Khan ◽  
Abid Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Medium Density Fiberboard ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Medium Density

In this research work effect of embedment of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF) have been investigated. The MWCNTs were embedded in urea formaldehyde resin (UF) at 0, 1.5%, 3% and 5% concentrations by weight for the manufacturing of nano-MDF. The addition of these nanoparticles enhanced thermal conductivity by 24.2% reduced curing time by 20% and controlled formaldehyde emission by 59.4%. The internal bonding (I.B), modulus elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), thickness swelling (Ts) and water absorption (WA) properties were improved significantly by 21.15%, 30.2%, 28.3%, 44.8% and 29% respectively as compared to controlled MDF.

scholarly journals Sifat Fisis dan Mekanis Papan Partikel Limbah Kulit Buah Kakao Berpenguat Batang Kayu Jabon

PRISMA FISIKA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Tiwuk Wulandari ◽  
Asifa Asri ◽  
Irfana Diah Faryuni
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Internal Bond ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture

Penelitian ini memanfaatkan limbah kulit buah kakao sebagai bahan baku pembuatan papan partikel. Untuk memperbaiki sifat fisis dan mekanis dari papan partikel ini, ditambahkan batang kayu jabon yang berperan sebagai penguat. Pabrikasi papan partikel berukuran 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm diawali dengan pencampuran bahan baku, urea formaldehyde (UF), parafin, dan katalis. Kemudian bahan-bahan tersebut di kempa dengan tekanan 30 N/cm2 pada suhu 150°C selama 8 menit. Dilakukan 7 variasi komposisi massa antara kulit buah kakao dan batang kayu jabon secara berturut-turut adalah 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, dan 0:100. Papan partikel diuji melalui uji fisis yaitu kerapatan, kadar air, pengembangan tebal dan uji mekanis yaitu modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond (IB), kuat pegang sekrup. Hasil pengujian papan partikel mengacu pada standar JIS A 5908:2003. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, nilai kerapatan sudah memenuhi standar dengan interval nilai 0,760 g/cm3 sampai 0,855 g/cm3. Setelah penambahan batang kayu jabon, sifat fisis dan mekanis mengalami peningkatan kualitas dibandingkan dengan papan partikel tanpa batang kayu jabon. Nilai kadar air dan pengembangan tebal menurun seiring dengan penambahan penguat. Begitu juga dengan nilai MOE, MOR, IB, dan kuat pegang sekrup semakin meningkat saat kuantitas penguat semakin banyak.Kata Kunci : batang kayu jabon, kulit buah kakao, papan partikel, dan penguat.

scholarly journals Oversized Planer Shavings for the Core Layer of Lightweight Particleboard

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1125
Author(s):  
Jakob Gößwald ◽  
Marius Cătălin Barbu ◽  
Alexander Petutschnigg ◽  
Ľuboš Krišťák ◽  
Eugenia Mariana Tudor
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Internal Bond ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Core Layer ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Low Density ◽  
The Core ◽  
Adhesive Application

Planer shavings (PS) are side-products generated during the processing of solid wood, typically used for heating, packaging, or insulation purposes. PS has been used for decades in particleboard manufacture, particularly in the core layer. The aim of this research is to investigate the use of PS with a length over 4 mm in low-density one-layer particleboard manufacturing with a thickness of 10 mm, as an option to reduce the raw material demand for wood-based panels. Correlations towards the mechanical properties of the particleboards, fabricated at a density of 475 kg/m3, could be drawn by analyzing the effects of different urea-formaldehyde adhesive contents (6%, 9%, and 12%). Two methods of adhesive application (pouring and spraying) and two types of blending of PS with adhesive (plowshare mixer and drum mixer) were investigated, with the aim that PS will have controlled resin application. The difference between the adhesive application methods was examined by analyzing the mechanical properties as an internal bond, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity as well as indirectly by visualizing the adhesive distribution by adding a green pigment to the adhesive before application. PS demonstrated reduced bending properties in comparison with the EN 312 standard requirements of particleboards for internal use in dry conditions (type P2), due to the low density. The internal bond strength in the case of the particleboard without pigment application (up to 0.5 N/mm2) was higher compared to the P2 requirements (0.4 N/mm2), and significantly lower (0.15 N/mm2) in combination with the pigment (2.5% based on the board weight, compared to 0.1%, specific for such industry applications), but still superior to the values of the reference panel manufactured with wood particles.

scholarly journals Conversion of Brewers’ Spent Grain into Proteinaceous Animal Feed using Solid State Fermentation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Iliopoulos ◽  
DIMITRIOS ARAPOGLOU ◽  
Nikos Chorianopoulos ◽  
Giorgos Markou ◽  
Serkos Haroutounian
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Beer Brewing ◽  
Spent Grain ◽  
Ssf Process

Abstract Brewers’ Spent Grain (BSG) represents the 85% of the total residue produced during the beer brewing process, with a global annual production volume exceeding the 30 Mtons. Study herein concerns the application of solid state fermentation (SSF) process for the efficient transformation of BSG into high nutritional value animal feed. The investigated SSF procedure was initiated by Pleurotus ostreatus, which constitutes a natural source of β-glucans and metabolites (vitamins, nutrients). Thus, it is possible to reduce the environmental impacts caused by BSG production and simultaneously contribute to the tackling of proteinaceous animal feed shortage observed during the last decade. The method developed resulted in a significant increase of protein content by 49.49%, a 10-fold increase of their 1,3 − 1,6 β-glucans content and a respective reduction of cellulose content by 11.42%. The application of this method is expected to provide a solid background for the utilization of BSG as substrate for fungi initiated SSF, a bioprocess allowing the significant reduction of the environmental impact caused by the beer brewing industry and simultaneously produce animal feed with high protein content and nutritional characteristics suitable for fulfilling animals’ nutritional needs and improving their welfare.

scholarly journals Role of microbubbles coupling fibrous-bed bioreactor in butyric acid production by Clostridium tyrobutyricum using Brewer’s spent grain as feedstock

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Huang ◽  
Linqi Zhao ◽  
Gaoya Sun ◽  
Jing Jiang ◽  
Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Animal Feed ◽  
Downstream Processing ◽  
Clostridium Tyrobutyricum ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Brewer’S Spent Grain ◽  
Fibrous Bed Bioreactor ◽  
Spent Grain ◽  
Butyrate Production

Abstract Background: Microbubbles coupling fermentation is an efficient technology for improving oxygen transfer to aerobic microorganisms in a bioreactor containing an air sparger. However, the effect of this technology on anaerobic Clostridium tyrobutyricum, whose morphology develops viscous broth rheology and lumps impeding the nutrient mass transfer, has not been reported yet. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the role of microbubbles coupling fibrous-bed bioreactor (MBFBB) on butyrate production by immobilized Clostridium tyrobutyricum cells obtained from renewable feedstock brewer’s spent grain (BSG). Results: Compared with the conventional FBB fermentation, two-fold shorter fermentation time and two-fold higher butyrate productivity were achieved by MBFBB-immobilized C. tyrobutyricum cells. Furthermore, long-term stability and reliability for butyrate production were obtained in ten cycle process using BSG hydrolysate. Finally, fed-batch fermentation using BSG hydrolysate produced a high butyrate titer of 43.68 g/L, with a significantly higher selectivity of 11.67, reducing the production cost of downstream processing. The results indicated that butyrate productivity of 4.21 and 4.36 g/L·h were successfully obtained in BSG and glucose medium, thereby representing the highest productivity reported to date in C. tyrobutyricum. To our knowledge, this is also the first report related to microbial production of butyrate from brewer’s spent grain.Conclusion: The MBFBB-based fermentation process with BSG is a robust and ecofriendly technique, which would provide insights into future development of commercial biobutyrate production for the animal feed supplement market.

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