scholarly journals Development of Hybrid and Templated Silica-P123 Membranes for Brackish Water Desalination

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2644
Author(s):  
Muthia Elma ◽  
Dwi Rasy Mujiyanti ◽  
Noor Maizura Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Roil Bilad ◽  
Aulia Rahma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Soft Template ◽  
Alumina Support ◽  
Set Up

Water scarcity is still a pressing issue in many regions. The application of membrane technology through water desalination to convert brackish to potable water is a promising technology to solve this issue. This study compared the performance of templated TEOS-P123 and ES40-P123 hybrid membranes for brackish water desalination. The membranes were prepared by the sol–gel method by employing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) for the carbon-templated silica (soft template) and ethyl silicate (ES40) for the hybrid organo-silica. Both sols were templated by adding 35 wt.% of pluronic triblock copolymer (P123) as the carbon source. The silica-templated sols were dip-coated onto alumina support (four layers) and were calcined by using the RTP (rapid thermal processing) method. The prepared membranes were tested using pervaporation set up at room temperature (~25 °C) using brackish water (0.3 and 1 wt.%) as the feed. It was found that the hybrid membrane exhibited the highest specific surface area (6.72 m2·g−1), pore size (3.67 nm), and pore volume (0.45 cm3·g−1). The hybrid ES40-P123 was twice thicker (2 μm) than TEOS-P123-templated membranes (1 μm). Lastly, the hybrid ES40-P123 displayed highest water flux of 6.2 kg·m−2·h−1. Both membranes showed excellent robustness and salt rejections of >99%.

scholarly journals EVALUASI KINERJA MEMBRAN SILIKA PEKTIN UNTUK DESALINASI AIR PAYAU TERHADAP SUHU KALSINASI MEMBRAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muthia Elma ◽  
Mahmud Mahmud ◽  
Fitri Ria Mustalifah ◽  
Akhbar Akhbar ◽  
Lilis Suryani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Rapid Thermal Processing ◽  
Tetraethyl Orthosilicate ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Silica Membrane ◽  
Salt Rejection

Krisis air bersih khususnya di Kalimantan Selatan pada musim kemarau sering terjadi karena adanya intrusi air laut yang mengakibatkan air menjadi payau. Konsentrasi garam tinggi yang tidak sesuai baku mutu air bersih mengharuskan perlu adanya pengolahan. Oleh karena itu, proses desalinasi melalui pervaporasi menjadi pilihan untuk memisahkan kadar garam yang terlarut dalam air. Proses desalinasi dilakukan menggunakan membran silika yang dimodifikasi dengan menambahkan karbon dari pektin pisang untuk memperkuat struktur pori dan meningkatkan hidrostabilitas membran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja membran silika-pektin pisang dengan metode pervaporasi (PV) menggunakan umpan air payau (NaCl 0,3 wt%) pada suhu ruang (~25°C). Bahan utama pada pembuatan membran ini adalah tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Membran silika-pektin pisang dengan konsentrasi 1% dikalsinasi pada suhu 300°C dan suhu 400°C melalui teknik RTP (Rapid Thermal Processing). Nilai fluks membran pada suhu kalsinasi 300°C sebesar 4,5 kg.m-2.jam-1 dengan nilai rejeksi garamnya sebesar 99,64 %. Sedangkan pada membran dengan suhu kalsinasi 400°C menghasilkan nilai fluks sebesar 13,2 kg.m-2.jam-1 dengan nilai rejeksi garam sebesar 99,78%. Kinerja kedua membran menunjukkan hasil yang sangat baik pada suhu kalsinasi 400°C dikarenakan adanya pengaruh penyisipan karbon dalam matriks silika sehingga pori yang terbentuk lebih kuat.  Kata kunci: air payau, desalinasi air payau, membran silika-pektin, pektin pisang, pervaporasi. South Kalimantan during the dry season has been clean water scarcity, due to the sea water intrusion which formed brackish water. High salt concentration in brackish water is does not meet with clean water quality standards that necessary to processing before used. Therefore, the desalination process via pervaporation has chosen to separate the dissolved salt ions in water. The desalination process was carried out using a modified silica membrane by carbon templated from banana pectin to strengthen the pore structure and increase membrane hydro-stability. This work aims to determine the performance of banana silica-pectin membrane by pervaporation (PV) method, using brackish water (NaCl 0,3 wt%) at room temperature (~25°C). The main ingredient to make this membrane is tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Banana silica-pectin membrane with a concentration of 1% was calcined at 300 ° C and 400°C via RTP (Rapid Thermal Processing) technique. The water flux of membrane calcined at 300°C is 4,5 kg.m-2.h-1 with the salt rejection of 99,64%. Whereas the membrane in calcined temperature of 400°C produced a water flux of 13,2 kg.m-2.h-1 with a salt rejection of 99,78%. An excellent performance of both membranes showed at calcination temperature of 400°C due to the influence of carbon template in the silica matrices that makes the pores more robust. Keywords: banana pectin, brackish water, brackish water desalination, pervaporation, silica-pectin membrane.

scholarly journals Removal of natural organic matter for wetland saline water desalination by coagulation-pervaporation

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aulia Rahma ◽  
Muthia Elma ◽  
Mahmud Mahmud ◽  
Chairul Irawan ◽  
Amalia Enggar Pratiwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Salt Rejection ◽  
Coagulation Process ◽  
Other Hand

The high number of natural organic matter contain in wetland water may cause its water has brown color and not consumable. In other hand, intrusion of sea water through wetland aquifer create water become saline, notably on hot season. Coagulation is effective method to applied for removing of natural organic matter. However, it could not be used for salinity removal. Hence combination of coagulation and pervaporation process is attractive method to removing both of natural organic matter and conductivity of wetland saline water. The objective of this works is to investigate optimum coagulant doses for removing organic matter by coagulation process as pretreatment and to analysis performance of coagulation-pervaporation silica-pectin membrane for removing of organic matter and conductivity of wetland saline water. Coagulation process in this work carried out under varied aluminum sulfate dose 10-60 mg.L-1. Silica-pectin membrane was used for pervaporation process at feed temperature ~25 °C (room temperature). Optimum condition of pretreatment coagulation set as alum dose at 30 mg.L-1 with maximum removal efficiency 81,8 % (UV254) and 40 % (conductivity). In other hand, combining of coagulation-pervaporation silica-pectin membrane shows both of UV254 and salt rejection extremely good instead without pretreatment coagulation of 86,8 % and 99,9 % for UV254 and salt rejection respectively. Moreover, water flux of silica-pectin membrane pervaporation with coagulation pretreatment shown higher 17,7 % over water flux of wetland saline water without pretreatment coagulation. Combining of coagulation and pervaporation silica-pectin membrane is effective to removing both of organic matter and salinity of wetland saline water at room temperature.

scholarly journals Large-scale brackish water desalination plants in Gaza Strip: assessments and improvements

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunes Mogheir ◽  
Ahmad A. Foul ◽  
A. A. Abuhabib ◽  
A. W. Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Gaza Strip ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Saline Groundwater ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
The Gaza Strip ◽  
Desalination Plants

Water scarcity is a serious challenge in the Gaza Strip, a region that is mostly considered to be semi-arid. In this region, the population's options for provision of potable water are limited to desalination of saline groundwater. Six large brackish water desalination plants (BWDPs) and one seawater desalination plant are operating and providing drinking water along with small private plants. The BWDPs were assessed in terms of operational conditions and quality of their feed and permeate with the aim of estimating essential improvements required as well as performance significance. All these plants are reverse osmosis plants and their operational conditions are similar in terms of production, recovery rate, and energy consumption. The quality of the plants’ feed was found not to comply with WHO and Palestinian Standards in most cases, unlike the permeate from all plants. The assessment made through this study assists in better understanding of the current situation of the large-scale desalination plants in Gaza and recommending essential improvements needed to increase water production of these plants without increasing abstraction and feed quantities. In addition, multi-criteria analysis used to evaluate BWDPs performance may assist in prioritizing improvements application.

Chemical Processing and Properties of Nanocrystalline BaTiO3

1992 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Xu ◽  
H. K. Chae ◽  
M. H. Frey ◽  
D. A. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Silicon Substrates ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Temperature Structure ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Gel Processing

ABSTRACTBarium titanate (BaTiO3) thin layers were prepared by sol-gel processing. Details are reported for the synthesis route from methoxyethoxide precursors. Partially hydrolyzed solutions were spin-cast onto metallized silicon substrates, and a multilayering technique was used to develop sub-micron structures. Information is reported on the thermal processing conditions used and the development of structure. Crystallization started at 600°C and was fully developed by 700°C. The room temperature structure was cubic, and the grain size was 25–50 nm. Details are reported for the dielectric properties. Ferroelectricity was not observed. Dielectric constant (200–300) increased with increasing grain size, and was stable with respect to temperature, field and frequency. The properties are attractive for potential integrated capacitor applications.

scholarly journals PREPARATION OF AN ORGANOSILICA-BASED MEMBRANE FROM TEOS-MTES AND ITS APPLICATION FOR DESALINATION OF WETLAND SALINE WATER

Konversi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilis Septyaningrum ◽  
Rahmawati Rahmawati ◽  
Fitri Ria Mustalifah ◽  
Aulia Rahma ◽  
Dewi Puspita Sari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Salt Rejection ◽  
Membrane Performance ◽  
Wetland Water ◽  
Hot Season

When hot season, South Kalimantan society which especially, in Muara Halyung village frequently go through clean water lacking. It becomes worst by water dirtied on wetland aquifer aftermath the seawater intrusion. Wetland water sources become saline and cannot be used for household needs. Organosilica membrane technology is one of methods can be used to remove salt contain in water. This study aims are to investigate the functionalization and organosilica membrane performance from TEOS-MTES which calcined on particularly temperature for wetland saline water desalination. Synthesis of organosilica sol was conducted by sol-gel method. Then the dried sol was calcined at 350°C and 600 °C, and characterized by FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed). Subsequently organosilica membrane was applicated for wetland saline water desalination via pervaporation. The result shows organosilica membrane performance was obtained the water flux 10,55 and 0,87 kg.m-2h-1 which calcined at 350 and 600 °C. The salt rejection in all membrane exhibits extremely high over 99%. It evinces the organosilica membrane from TEOS-MTES which calcined at 350 °C is great to applicated for wetland saline water desalination by both of water fluxes and salt rejection showed high.

scholarly journals DESALINASI AIR LIMBAH PABRIK TAHU MENGGUNAKAN MEMBRAN SILIKA DENGAN PREKURSOR TEOS (Tetraethyl orthosilicate)

Konversi ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muthia Elma ◽  
Nur Riskawati ◽  
Marhamah Marhamah
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thermal Process ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Tetraethyl Orthosilicate ◽  
Rapid Thermal Process ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
Silica Thin Film

Abstrak: Air limbah pabrik tahu jika dibuang langsung ke lingkungan menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan yang akan merusak kualitas air, terutama air limbah tersebut dialirkan ke badan sungai. Oleh sebab itu, sangatlah diperlukan suatu teknologi yang efisien untuk pengolahan air limbah tahu ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh performansi membran silika pada proses desalinasi via pervaporasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menyiapkan silika sol yang dipersiapkan dari proses sol-gel menggunakan prekursor TEOS dalam larutan etanol. Selanjutnya adalah dengan menggunakan metode “2 step acid and base catalysts” dengan menggunakan HNO3 dan NH3 sebagai katalis. Silica thin film yang dihasilkan berupa sol di-dipcoating dan kemudian dilakukan proses kalsinasi pada suhu 600oC selama 1 jam menggunakan metode RTP (Rapid Thermal Process). Jumlah lapisan/layer dari membran silika tersebut adalah berdasarkan pengulangan proses dipcoating dan kalsinasi yang mana pada penelitian ini menggunakan variasi 3 layer. Performansi membran ini dilakukan dengan proses desalinasi via pervaporasi dengan menggunakan air limbah tahu yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh air bersih. Adapun nilai water flux membrane ini berkisar antara 1,74 – 1,48 kg m-2 h-1 dengan rejection berkisar antara 93,63 – 89.27 %. Hasil ini membuktikan bahwa membrane silika bisa mengolah air limbah tahu menjadi potable water walaupun nilai water flux perlu ditingkatkan. Sebagai tambahan analisis, uji karakteristik membran seperti uji FTIR dilakukan untuk mengetahui gugus fungsi dari membran silika dan uji morfologi menggunakan SEM untuk mengetahui ketebalan lapisan membran yang dihasilkan.       Keywords: limbah tahu, water flux, rejection, membran silika dan pervaporasi.      

scholarly journals Organo Silica Membranes for Wetland Saline Water Desalination: Effect of membranes calcination temperatures

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 07006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riani Ayu Lestari ◽  
Muthia Elma ◽  
Aulia Rahma ◽  
Dewi Suparsih ◽  
Syarifah Anadhliyah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Calcination Process ◽  
Silica Membranes ◽  
Salt Rejection ◽  
Calcination Temperatures ◽  
Membrane Pores ◽  
Sol Gel Process

Wetland saline water has great potential to overcome water scarcity due to high salinity of intruded seawater. This work determines performance of silica membranes using organo catalyst applied for wetland saline water desalination via pervaporation and investigates the effect of calcination temperatures. These membranes were prepared from precursor tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) for 3 h through sol-gel process refluxed at 0°C (membrane A) and 50°C (membrane B). The sols were dipcoated onto alumina (Al2O3) support for 4 layers followed by calcination for 1 h. Performance of membranes were evaluated by feeding wetland saline water through desalination at room temperature. Results show the water flux for membrane A were 0.27 & 0.15 kg.m-2.h-1 and salt rejection were 97.5 & 99 % as a function of calcination temperature (200 & 250°C), respectively. Furthermore, water flux of membranes B were 0.90 & 0.93 kg.m-2.h-1 and excellent salt rejection (>99.9 %) for both calcination temperatures. The highest water flux and salt rejection were found for membranes B. For both using citric acid under refluxed and calcination process, it gives more vibration of Si-C formation and membrane pores. This membrane is the very first and mesoporous organo silica membranes which is successfully fabricated from organo catalyst.

scholarly journals Interlayer-free Silica-carbon Template Membranes from Pectin and P123 for Water Desalination

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 03017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isna Syauqiyah ◽  
Muthia Elma ◽  
Meilana D. Putra ◽  
Aulia Rahma ◽  
Amalia E. Pratiwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sol Gel ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Free Silica ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Sol Gel Process ◽  
Silica Thin Film ◽  
Silica Sols ◽  
First Time ◽  
Better Than

For the first time the interlayer-free silica-carbon templatesmembrane has been successfully fabricated employed pectin as carbonsource. This membrane was compared to interlayer-free silica-P123membrane that were fabricated via Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP). Theaim of this work is to investigate the performance of interlayer-free silicapectinand silica-P123 membranes. Sol-gel process has been utilised toproduce silica thin film using TEOS as precursor, EtOH, HNO3 and NH3 with two-step acid-based catalyst (50 °C, 3 hours). Pectin and P123 weretemplated into silica sols. Subsequently, the alumina tubular supportmembranes were dip-coated into these sols and calcined at 400 °C (pectin)and 350 °C (P123), respectively with 4 layers each membrane. Theinterlayer-free silica-pectin shows excellent water flux (5.73 kg m-2 h-1) incomparison to interlayer-free silica-P123 (1.449 kg m-2 h-1). Both silicapectinand silica-P123 membranes show very good salt rejection (>99%). The performance of silica-pectin membrane is much better than silica-P123membrane (~4 times higher). It is influenced by the length of carbonschains where carbon chains of pectin is much lower than P123. Due to that, P123 connected to silica networks create dense film of membrane andreduce the membranes performance.

scholarly journals PERFORMASI ORGANO SILICA MEMBRANE MENGGUNAKAN METODE SOL-GEL

Konversi ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muthia Elma ◽  
Dewi Rahmawati Suparsih ◽  
Syarifah Annahdliyah
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Silica Membrane ◽  
Salt Rejection

Abstrak-Air bersih adalah air sehat yang digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia sehari-hari. Namun pada saat ini ketersediaan air bersih di Kalimantan Selatan menjadi salah satu masalah. Kesulitan mendapatkan air bersih disebabkan kondisi air di kalimantan selatan yang sebagian besar berupa air gambut asin. Air gambut asin merupakan air yang terintrusi oleh air laut saat musim kemarau. Hal ini menyebabkan air gambut ini memiliki tingkat keasinan yang tinggi. Salah satu teknologi yang dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi krisis air bersih ini adalah dengan menggunakan teknologi membran. Membran adalah suatu media berpori, berbentuk film tipis yang berfungsi untuk memisahkan partikel dengan ukuran molekuler dalam suatu larutan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan performansi organo silica membrane dengan metode sol gel dengan suhu refluks 50 ⁰C. Penelitian ini menggunakan artificial brackish water (0,3% NaCl) sebagai air umpan. Membran yang digunakan ini dibuat menggunakan metode sol gel  akan di-dipcoating dan dilakukan kalsinasi pada suhu 200 oC dan 600 oC. Nilai flux membran dengan suhu kalsinasi 600 ⁰C sebesar 0,6212 kgm-2h-1 dan nilai salt rejection sebesar 99,37067 % sedangkan pada membran dengan suhu kalsinasi 200 ⁰C nilai flux sebesar 0,5950 kgm-2h-1  dan nilai salt rejection sebesar 99,45831 %. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pada saat  membran dengan suhu kalsinasi 600 ⁰C mempunyai performasi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan suhu 200 ⁰C yang disebabkan oleh ukuran pori-pori yang semakin besar terjadi pada membran yang dikalsinasi pada suhu 200 oC. Kata kunci: air gambut, membran, water flux, salt rejection

scholarly journals Energy evaluation and treatment efficiency of vacuum membrane distillation for brackish water desalination

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ramezanianpour ◽  
Muttucumaru Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Vacuum Membrane Distillation

Strict environmental regulations have led to the rapid development of membrane separation technologies for the production of potable water, for industrial water supply, and for the reuse and discharge of treated wastewater. Promotion of water recycling and the provision of potable water from brackish water prevent significant negative effects on the environment and drinking water supplies. This study is intended to describe and compare a sustainable technology for brackish water treatment. Among the four configurations of the membrane distillation process, vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) produces higher flux and results in a low fouling rate. It comprises evaporation and condensation that mimics what occurs in nature. Mathematical models proposed for the VMD transport mechanisms are incorporated to predict the actual experimental flux. The response of the flux rate to various process operating parameters is demonstrated. Variation of effective parameters is investigated in terms of energy consumption. The data indicate that the permeate flux is highly responsive to the variation of pressure and temperature. VMD enables the removal of 99.9% of total dissolved solids from natural and contaminated water sources. The findings are that the quality of the permeate water from all sources was at acceptable standards for potable use.

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